tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69823122011-09-11T13:26:38.865+01:00On environment, mathematics, sustainability, complex adaptive systems, genetic and evolutionary algorithms, and technology...mainly. njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.comBlogger91100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-58437871738506660102010-12-14T19:34:00.002Z2010-12-14T19:41:40.833Z<p>I got these from <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/12/13/the-top-50-gawker-media-passwords/">The Wall Street Journal</a> but couldn't find them as plain text. So I typed them and put them up here. I'll tweet them in batches as @njr in a minute, too. </p> <p>(I've worked on the assumption that the WSJ was saving our blushes when it said f---you was the password, and correcting it to what I guess it was really.)</p> <pre> 123456 password 12345678 lifehack qwerty abc123 111111 monkey consumer 12345 0 letmein trustno1 dragon 1234567 baseball superman iloveyou gizmodo sunshine 1234 princess starwars whatever shadow cheese 123123 nintendo football computer fuckyou 654321 blahblah passw0rd master soccer michael 666666 jennifer gawker Password jordan pokemon michelle killer pepper welcome batman kotaku internet </pre><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-5843787173850666010?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-7939730014936220582010-05-07T13:15:00.002+01:002010-05-07T13:23:27.744+01:00<div class="section" id="proportional-influence"> <p>At the time of writing, the results declared for yesterday&#8217;s election are as follows:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="46%" /> <col width="7%" /> <col width="17%" /> <col width="21%" /> <col width="8%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Party</th> <th class="head">Seats</th> <th class="head">Votes</th> <th class="head">Votes Per Seat</th> <th class="head">Weight</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Democratic Unionist Party</td> <td>8</td> <td>168,216</td> <td>21,027</td> <td>0.49</td> </tr> <tr><td>Labour</td> <td>251</td> <td>8,335,311</td> <td>33,208</td> <td>0.78</td> </tr> <tr><td>Conservative</td> <td>294</td> <td>10,296,598</td> <td>35,022</td> <td>0.82</td> </tr> <tr><td>Social Democratic &amp; Labour Party</td> <td>3</td> <td>107,396</td> <td>35,799</td> <td>0.84</td> </tr> <tr><td>Sinn Fein</td> <td>4</td> <td>150,638</td> <td>37,660</td> <td>0.88</td> </tr> <tr><td>Alliance Party</td> <td>1</td> <td>42,325</td> <td>42,325</td> <td>0.99</td> </tr> <tr><td>Plaid Cymru</td> <td>3</td> <td>165,394</td> <td>55,131</td> <td>1.29</td> </tr> <tr><td>Scottish National Party</td> <td>6</td> <td>482,823</td> <td>80,471</td> <td>1.89</td> </tr> <tr><td>Liberal Democrat</td> <td>52</td> <td>6,518,970</td> <td>125,365</td> <td>2.94</td> </tr> <tr><td>Green</td> <td>1</td> <td>271,294</td> <td>271,294</td> <td>6.37</td> </tr> <tr><td>Overall</td> <td>623</td> <td>26,538,965</td> <td>42,599</td> <td>1.00</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Obviously, it&#8217;s well-known that our first-past-the-post electoral system often produces highly non-proportional results, and this illustrates this: whereas it took only about 21,000 votes to elect each DUP member (on average) it took over 270,000 votes to elect Caroline Lucas, Brighton&#8217;s new Green MP.</p> <p>There are many alternatives to first-past-the-post, each having with different degrees of &#8220;proportionality&#8221; and strengths and weaknesses. Ignoring people who don&#8217;t even in principle support proportionality, the strengths and weaknesses of various systems generally revolve around the following points</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li>Many people dislike list systems (particularly closed lists) because voters lose the ability to favour particular candidates (arguing against pure list systems and AMS)</li> <li>Many people feel the geographic link is important, and with those, many also prefer single-member constituencies (arguing against lists and STV)</li> <li>Some people dislike voters being asked to do more than mark a single cross by a single candidate (arguing against STV, AMS, AV)</li> <li>Some people dislike hybrid systems like AMS because they create &#8220;two classes&#8221; of MPs (geographically elected MPs and top-up/list MPs).</li> <li>Some people worry about tiny parties with little support gaining seats (arguing for some <em>de minimis</em>, while feeling this should not be arbitrary).</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>All of the electoral systems I know focus on achieving proportionality of influence (by party) by allocating seats proportionately.</p> <p>It occurred to me today (as, no doubt, it has to others before) that a a more direct alternative would be to weight the influence of MPs so that proportionality of influence within parliament is achieved without needing to change the voting mechanism from the present one <em>at all</em>.</p> <p>The last column in the table of results shows the <em>weight</em> that would be given to MPs of different parties under this variation, on the assumption that all MPs from a given party would be weighted equally. So here, Lib Dems MPs would each get votes weighted at 2.94 whereas Labour MPs would get votes weighted at 0.78.</p> <p>The system could be refined further by making the influence of MPs within their own party proportional to their constiuency success, as measured either by the number of votes they receive, or the proportion of the vote they achieve. Given the different constituency sizes, the latter is probably better.</p> <p>With this refinement, if one Labour MP got 50% of the vote in his/her constituency and another got only 25%, the first MP&#8217;s vote would be worth twice as much as that of the second.</p> <p>The obvious &#8220;disadvantage&#8221; with this scheme is that it adds some complexity to voting within parliament. But this seems like a tiny disadvantage compared with its advantages (to me).</p> </div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-793973001493622058?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-36147743825116269252009-01-25T19:00:00.009Z2009-02-05T20:02:07.420Z<p> <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk">The Guardian</a> ran an interesting series last week entitled <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/series/1000novels">1000 Novels Everyone Must Read</a>. Unfortunately, they not only split it up into some rather strange sections (Love, Crime etc.), and then further broke each of those into several parts on the web, but also hid well over a hundred of them in less obvious minor sections. So as a public service, I have integrated and sorted the list, and indeed counted the frequency for each author on it (see <a href="#freq">here</a>). I can confirm that there are exactly 1,000 in the list. </p> <p> For what it's worth, it misses off a number of my favourite novels, including: </p> <ul> <li>Anne Michaels: Fugitive Pieces (1996)</li> <li>Barbara Kingsolver: The Poisonwood Bible (1998)</li> <li>Angela Carter: While they did include three (The Passion of New Eve, Nights at the Circus and Wise Children), I would have included all of her novels—Shadow Dance (1966), The Magic Toyshop (1967), Several Perceptions (1968), Heroes and Villains (1969), Love (1971) and The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972)</li> <li>The Book Thief, Markus Zusak (2006)</li> </ul> <p>[<b>UPDATE:</b>As Mark points out in the comments, The Guardian has now published its own "definitive list" <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/jan/23/bestbooks-fiction">here</a>, which differs slightly from this one. I explain in my reply comment how I assembled this list. I guess you pays your money and takes your choice . . .]</p> <h3>The Guardian's 1000 Novels Everyone Must Read</h3> <table border="1"> <tr> <th align="left">Author</th> <th align="left">Title</th> <th align="left">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Kobo Abe</td> <td>The Face of Another</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chinua Achebe</td> <td>Things Fall Apart</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chinua Achebe</td> <td>Anthills of the Savannah</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Douglas Adams</td> <td>The Hitchhiker&apos;s Guide to the Galaxy</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Junghyo Ahn</td> <td>Silver Stallion</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Latifa al-Zayyat</td> <td>al-Bab al-Maftouh</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Louisa May Alcott</td> <td>Little Women</td> <td>1868</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Aldington</td> <td>Death of a Hero</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brian W Aldiss</td> <td>Non-Stop</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nelson Algren</td> <td>The Man with the Golden Arm</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Ambler</td> <td>Epitaph for a Spy</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Ambler</td> <td>The Mask of Dimitrios</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Ambler</td> <td>Journey into Fear</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kingsley Amis</td> <td>Lucky Jim</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Amis</td> <td>Money</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Amis</td> <td>London Fields</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Amis</td> <td>The Information</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mulk Raj Anand</td> <td>Untouchable</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Asimov</td> <td>Foundation</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kate Atkinson</td> <td>Behind the Scenes at the Museum</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Atwood</td> <td>The Handmaid&apos;s Tale</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Atwood</td> <td>Cat&apos;s Eye</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Atwood</td> <td>The Blind Assassin</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Auster</td> <td>The New York Trilogy</td> <td>1985-86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Auster</td> <td>In the Country of Last Things</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Sense and Sensibility</td> <td>1811</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Pride and Prejudice</td> <td>1813</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Mansfield Park</td> <td>1814</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Emma</td> <td>1815</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Northanger Abbey</td> <td>1817</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin</td> <td>Persuasion</td> <td>1817</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beryl Bainbridge</td> <td>The Bottle Factory Outing</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beryl Bainbridge</td> <td>Master Georgie</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beryl Bainbridge</td> <td>According to Queeney</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholson Baker</td> <td>Room Temperature</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nigel Balchin</td> <td>Darkness Falls from the Air</td> <td>1942</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Baldwin</td> <td>Go Tell It On the Mountain</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Baldwin</td> <td>Giovanni&apos;s Room</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Ballard</td> <td>The Drowned World</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Ballard</td> <td>Crash</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Ballard</td> <td>Empire of the Sun</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Ballard</td> <td>Millennium People</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honoré de Balzac</td> <td>La Comédie Humaine</td> <td>1830-1848</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honoré de Balzac</td> <td>Eugénie Grandet</td> <td>1833</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honoré de Balzac</td> <td>Le Père Goriot</td> <td>1835</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miklos Banffy</td> <td>They Were Counted</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iain M Banks</td> <td>Consider Phlebas</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iain Banks</td> <td>The Wasp Factory</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iain Banks</td> <td>The Crow Road</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lynne Reid Banks</td> <td>The L-Shaped Room</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Clive Barker</td> <td>Weaveworld</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicola Barker</td> <td>Darkmans</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pat Barker</td> <td>Regeneration</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Djuna Barnes</td> <td>Nightwood</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julian Barnes</td> <td>Flaubert&apos;s Parrot</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julian Barnes</td> <td>A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sebastian Barry</td> <td>A Long Long Way</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stan Barstow</td> <td>A Kind of Loving</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Howarth Bashford</td> <td>Augustus Carp, Esq By Himself — Being the Autobiography of a Really Good Man</td> <td>1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giorgio Bassani</td> <td>The Garden of the Finzi-Continis</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HE Bates</td> <td>Fair Stood the Wind for France</td> <td>1944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HE Bates</td> <td>Love for Lydia</td> <td>1952</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nina Bawden</td> <td>Carrie&apos;s War</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen Baxter</td> <td>The Time Ships</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greg Bear</td> <td>Darwin&apos;s Radio</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alison Bechdel</td> <td>Fun Home</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Beckett</td> <td>Malone Dies</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Beckett</td> <td>Molloy</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Beckford</td> <td>Vathek</td> <td>1786</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sybille Bedford</td> <td>A Legacy</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Max Beerbohm</td> <td>Zuleika Dobson</td> <td>1911</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aphra Behn</td> <td>Oroonoko or The Royal Slave</td> <td>1688</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saul Bellow</td> <td>The Adventures of Augie March</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saul Bellow</td> <td>Herzog</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saul Bellow</td> <td>Humboldt&apos;s Gift</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saul Bellow</td> <td>More Die of Heartbreak</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Bennett</td> <td>The Uncommon Reader</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arnold Bennett</td> <td>The Old Wives&apos; Tale</td> <td>1908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arnold Bennett</td> <td>Clayhanger</td> <td>1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EF Benson</td> <td>Queen Lucia</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EC Bentley</td> <td>Trent&apos;s Last Case</td> <td>1913</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Berger</td> <td>G.</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Berkeley</td> <td>The Poisoned Chocolates Case</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Bernhard</td> <td>Extinction</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Bester</td> <td>The Stars My Destination</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RD Blackmore</td> <td>Lorna Doone</td> <td>1869</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholas Blake</td> <td>The Beast Must Die</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Roberto Bolaño</td> <td>The Savage Detectives</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Bowen</td> <td>The Last September</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Bowen</td> <td>The Death of the Heart</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Bowen</td> <td>The Heat of the Day</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Bowles</td> <td>Two Serious Ladies</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Bowles</td> <td>The Sheltering Sky</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WE Bowman</td> <td>The Ascent of Rum Doodle</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Boyd</td> <td>A Good Man in Africa</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Boyd</td> <td>An Ice-Cream War</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Boyd</td> <td>Any Human Heart</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malcolm Bradbury</td> <td>The History Man</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ray Bradbury</td> <td>Fahrenheit 451</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary E Braddon</td> <td>Lady Audley&apos;s Secret</td> <td>1862</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Caryl Brahms and SJ Simon</td> <td>No Bed for Bacon</td> <td>1941</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Braine</td> <td>Room at the Top</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick O&apos;Brian</td> <td>Master and Commander</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flann O&apos;Brien</td> <td>At Swim-Two-Birds</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flann O&apos;Brien</td> <td>The Third Policeman</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tim O&apos;Brien</td> <td>The Things they Carried</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Briggs</td> <td>When the Wind Blows</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Brink</td> <td>A Dry White Season</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Poppy Z Brite</td> <td>Lost Souls</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Broch</td> <td>The Death of Virgil</td> <td>1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Brontë</td> <td>Jane Eyre</td> <td>1847</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Brontë</td> <td>Shirley</td> <td>1849</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Brontë</td> <td>Villette</td> <td>1853</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Emily Brontë</td> <td>Wuthering Heights</td> <td>1847</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anita Brookner</td> <td>Look at Me</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Brockden Brown</td> <td>Wieland</td> <td>1798</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rita Mae Brown</td> <td>Rubyfruit Jungle</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Buchan</td> <td>The Thirty-Nine Steps</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Buchan</td> <td>Greenmantle</td> <td>1916</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Algis Budrys</td> <td>Rogue Moon</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mikhail Bulgakov</td> <td>The Master and Margarita</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edward Bulwer-Lytton</td> <td>The Coming Race</td> <td>1871</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Burgess</td> <td>A Clockwork Orange</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Burgess</td> <td>Earthly Powers</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Burgess</td> <td>The End of the World News</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Lee Burke</td> <td>The Neon Rain</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Lee Burke</td> <td>The Tin Roof Blowdown</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivy Compton-Burnett</td> <td>Manservant and Maidservant</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WR Burnett</td> <td>The Asphalt Jungle</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fanny Burney</td> <td>Evelina</td> <td>1778</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edgar Rice Burroughs</td> <td>A Princess of Mars</td> <td>1912</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Burroughs</td> <td>Naked Lunch</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Octavia Butler</td> <td>Kindred</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Butler</td> <td>Erewhon</td> <td>1872</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Butler</td> <td>The Way of All Flesh</td> <td>1903</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ron Butlin</td> <td>The Sound of My Voice</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AS Byatt</td> <td>The Virgin in the Garden</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AS Byatt</td> <td>Possession</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David B</td> <td>Epileptic</td> <td>1996-2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Louis-Ferdinand Céline</td> <td>Journey to the End of the Night</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James M Cain</td> <td>The Postman Always Rings Twice</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James M Cain</td> <td>Double Indemnity</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erskine Caldwell</td> <td>Tobacco Road</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italo Calvino</td> <td>The Baron in the Trees</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italo Calvino</td> <td>Invisible Cities</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ramsey Campbell</td> <td>The Influence</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albert Camus</td> <td>The Outsider</td> <td>1942</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albert Camus</td> <td>The Plague</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elias Canetti</td> <td>Auto-da-Fé</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Truman Capote</td> <td>Breakfast at Tiffany&apos;s</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Carey</td> <td>Illywhacker</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Carey</td> <td>Oscar and Lucinda</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Carey</td> <td>True History of the Kelly Gang</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alejo Carpentier</td> <td>The Kingdom of This World</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John le Carré</td> <td>The Spy Who Came in From the Cold</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John le Carré</td> <td>Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John le Carré</td> <td>The Constant Gardener</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leonora Carrington</td> <td>The Hearing Trumpet</td> <td>1976</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lewis Carroll</td> <td>Alice&apos;s Adventures in Wonderland</td> <td>1865</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lewis Carroll</td> <td>Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There</td> <td>1871</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JL Carr</td> <td>A Season in Sinji</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JL Carr</td> <td>The Harpole Report</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JL Carr</td> <td>A Month in the Country</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Dickson Carr</td> <td>The Hollow Man</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Carter</td> <td>The Passion of New Eve</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Carter</td> <td>Nights at the Circus</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Carter</td> <td>Wise Children</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joyce Cary</td> <td>Mister Johnson</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joyce Cary</td> <td>The Horse&apos;s Mouth</td> <td>1944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willa Cather</td> <td>My Antonia</td> <td>1918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willa Cather</td> <td>One Of Ours</td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willa Cather</td> <td>A Lost Lady</td> <td>1923</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willa Cather</td> <td>The Professor&apos;s House</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miguel de Cervantes</td> <td>Don Quixote</td> <td>1605</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Chabon</td> <td>The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Chandler</td> <td>The Big Sleep</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Chandler</td> <td>The Long Goodbye</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hadley Chase</td> <td>No Orchids for Miss Blandish</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Cheever</td> <td>The Wapshot Chronicle</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>GK Chesterton</td> <td>The Man Who Was Thursday</td> <td>1908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erskine Childers</td> <td>The Riddle of the Sands</td> <td>1903</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kate Chopin</td> <td>The Awakening</td> <td>1899</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie</td> <td>The Mysterious Affair at Styles</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie</td> <td>The Secret Adversary</td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie</td> <td>The Murder of Roger Ackroyd</td> <td>1926</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie</td> <td>The Murder at the Vicarage</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie</td> <td>And Then There Were None</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur C Clarke</td> <td>Childhood&apos;s End</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Susanna Clarke</td> <td>Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean Cocteau</td> <td>Les Enfants Terribles</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JM Coetzee</td> <td>Waiting for the Barbarians</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JM Coetzee</td> <td>Disgrace</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Coe</td> <td>What a Carve Up!</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sidone-Gabrille Colette</td> <td>Chéri</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette</td> <td>Claudine à l&apos;école</td> <td>1900</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colette</td> <td>The Vagabond</td> <td>1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wilkie Collins</td> <td>The Woman in White</td> <td>1860</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wilkie Collins</td> <td>The Moonstone</td> <td>1868</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Condon</td> <td>The Manchurian Candidate</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael G Coney</td> <td>Hello Summer, Goodbye</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>Lord Jim</td> <td>1900</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>Heart of Darkness</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>Nostromo</td> <td>1904</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>The Secret Agent</td> <td>1907</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>Under Western Eyes</td> <td>1911</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad</td> <td>Victory: An Island Tale</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernard Cornwell</td> <td>Sharpe&apos;s Eagle</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia Cornwell</td> <td>Postmortem</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Douglas Coupland</td> <td>Microserfs</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Douglas Coupland</td> <td>Girlfriend in a Coma</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Francis Coventry</td> <td>The History of Pompey the Little</td> <td>1751</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jim Crace</td> <td>Quarantine</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jim Crace</td> <td>Being Dead</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen Crane</td> <td>The Red Badge of Courage</td> <td>1895</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Crichton</td> <td>The Andromeda Strain</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Crichton</td> <td>Jurassic Park</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edmund Crispin</td> <td>The Case of the Gilded Fly</td> <td>1944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richmal Crompton</td> <td>Just William</td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Amanda Cross</td> <td>Poetic Justice</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Döblin</td> <td>Berlin Alexanderplatz</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Friedrich Dürrenmatt</td> <td>The Pledge</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Danielewski</td> <td>House of Leaves</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marie Darrieussecq</td> <td>Pig Tales</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simone de Beauvoir</td> <td>The Mandarins</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>José Maria de Eça de Queiroz</td> <td>The Crime of Father Amaro</td> <td>1875</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de Laclos</td> <td>Les Liaisons Dangereuses</td> <td>1782</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Madame de Lafayette</td> <td>The Princess of Clèves</td> <td>1678</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Guy de Maupassant</td> <td>Bel-Ami</td> <td>1885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antoine de Sainte-Exupéry</td> <td>The Little Prince</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter De Vries</td> <td>Slouching towards Kalamazoo</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Defoe</td> <td>Robinson Crusoe</td> <td>1719</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Defoe</td> <td>Moll Flanders</td> <td>1722</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Defoe</td> <td>Roxana</td> <td>1724</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Len Deighton</td> <td>The Ipcress File</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Len Deighton</td> <td>Bomber</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Delafield</td> <td>The Provincial Lady</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel R Delaney</td> <td>The Einstein Intersection</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Don DeLillo</td> <td>White Noise</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Don DeLillo</td> <td>Underwold</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colin Dexter</td> <td>Last Seen Wearing</td> <td>1976</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colin Dexter</td> <td>The Remorseful Day</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giuseppe di Lampedusa</td> <td>The Leopard</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Dibdin</td> <td>A Rich Full Death</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Dibdin</td> <td>Ratking</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Dibdin</td> <td>Dirty Tricks</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Dibdin</td> <td>Dead Lagoon</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>The Pickwick Papers</td> <td>1837</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Oliver Twist</td> <td>1838</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Martin Chuzzlewit</td> <td>1844</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Dombey and Son</td> <td>1848</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Bleak House</td> <td>1852-53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Hard Times</td> <td>1854</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Little Dorrit</td> <td>1855-57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>A Tale of Two Cities</td> <td>1859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens</td> <td>Great Expectations</td> <td>1861</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Dickey</td> <td>Deliverance</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip K Dick</td> <td>The Man in the High Castle</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip K Dick</td> <td>Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Denis Diderot</td> <td>Jacques the Fatalist and His Master</td> <td>1796</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joan Didion</td> <td>Play It As It Lays</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas M Disch</td> <td>Camp Concentration</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Benjamin Disraeli</td> <td>Sybil or The Two Nations</td> <td>1845</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EL Doctorow</td> <td>The Book of Daniel</td> <td>1971</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JP Donleavy</td> <td>A Fairy Tale of New York</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fyodor Dostoevsky</td> <td>Notes from Underground</td> <td>1864</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fyodor Dostoevsky</td> <td>The Idiot</td> <td>1868</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fyodor Dostoevsky</td> <td>Crime and Punishment</td> <td>1866</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fyodor Dostoevsky</td> <td>The Brothers Karamazov</td> <td>1880</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julie Doucet</td> <td>My New York Diary</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norman Douglas</td> <td>South Wind</td> <td>1917</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Conan Doyle</td> <td>A Study in Scarlet</td> <td>1887</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Conan Doyle</td> <td>The Sign of Four</td> <td>1890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Conan Doyle</td> <td>The Hound of the Baskervilles</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Roddy Doyle</td> <td>The Commitments</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Drabble</td> <td>The Millstone</td> <td>1965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Theodore Dreiser</td> <td>Sister Carrie</td> <td>1900</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Theodore Dreiser</td> <td>An American Tragedy</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daphne du Maurier</td> <td>Rebecca</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daphne du Maurier</td> <td>The Parasites</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daphne du Maurier</td> <td>My Cousin Rachel</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alexandre Dumas</td> <td>The Count of Monte Cristo</td> <td>1844-45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alexandre Dumas</td> <td>The Three Musketeers</td> <td>1844</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marguerite Duras</td> <td>The Lover</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gerald Durrell</td> <td>My Family and Other Animals</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lawrence Durrell</td> <td>Justine</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Eastlake</td> <td>The Bamboo Bed</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Umberto Eco</td> <td>The Name of the Rose</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Umberto Eco</td> <td>Foucault&apos;s Pendulum</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maria Edgeworth</td> <td>Castle Rackrent</td> <td>1800</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maria Edgeworth</td> <td>Ennui</td> <td>1809</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enayat el-Zayyat</td> <td>Al-Hubb w&apos;al-Samt</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot</td> <td>Adam Bede</td> <td>1859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot</td> <td>The Mill on the Floss</td> <td>1860</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot</td> <td>Silas Marner</td> <td>1861</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot</td> <td>Middlemarch</td> <td>1872</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot</td> <td>Daniel Deronda</td> <td>1876</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ralph Ellison</td> <td>Invisible Man</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bret Easton Ellis</td> <td>American Psycho</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RJ Ellory</td> <td>A Quiet Belief in Angels</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Ellroy</td> <td>The Big Nowhere</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Ellroy</td> <td>LA Confidential</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willem Elsschot</td> <td>Cheese</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shusaku Endo</td> <td>Silence</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anne Enright</td> <td>The Gathering</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeffrey Eugenides</td> <td>The Virgin Suicides</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeffrey Eugenides</td> <td>Middlesex</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michel Faber</td> <td>Under the Skin</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Farrell</td> <td>The Siege of Krishnapur</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Faulkner</td> <td>The Sound and the Fury</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Faulkner</td> <td>As I Lay Dying</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Faulkner</td> <td>Sanctuary</td> <td>1931</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sebastian Faulks</td> <td>Birdsong</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Helen Fielding</td> <td>Bridget Jones&apos;s Diary</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Fielding</td> <td>Joseph Andrews</td> <td>1742</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Fielding</td> <td>Tom Jones</td> <td>1749</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ronald Firbank</td> <td>Caprice</td> <td>1917</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F Scott Fitzgerald</td> <td>The Great Gatsby</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F Scott Fitzgerald</td> <td>Tender is the Night</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Penelope Fitzgerald</td> <td>The Blue Flower</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gustave Flaubert</td> <td>Madame Bovary</td> <td>1856</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gustave Flaubert</td> <td>Sentimental Education</td> <td>1869</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gustave Flaubert</td> <td>Bouvard and Pécuchet</td> <td>1881</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Fleming</td> <td>Casino Royale</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Fleming</td> <td>Goldfinger</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Fleming</td> <td>You Only Live Twice</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Safran Foer</td> <td>Everything Is Illuminated</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Theodor Fontane</td> <td>Effi Briest</td> <td>1896</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ford Madox Ford</td> <td>The Good Soldier</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ford Madox Ford</td> <td>Parade&apos;s End</td> <td>1924-28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Ford</td> <td>The Sportswriter</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Ford</td> <td>Independence Day</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CS Forester</td> <td>The African Queen</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CS Forester</td> <td>The Ship</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Forster</td> <td>A Room With a View</td> <td>1908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Forster</td> <td>Howards End</td> <td>1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Forster</td> <td>A Passage to India</td> <td>1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederick Forsyth</td> <td>The Day of the Jackal</td> <td>1971</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henri Alain-Fournier</td> <td>Le Grand Meaulnes</td> <td>1913</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Fowles</td> <td>The Magus</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Fowles</td> <td>The French Lieutenant&apos;s Woman</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Franzen</td> <td>The Corrections</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George MacDonald Fraser</td> <td>Flashman</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Frayn</td> <td>Towards the End of Morning</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Frayn</td> <td>Spies</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Frazier</td> <td>Cold Mountain</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Esther Freud</td> <td>Hideous Kinky</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gaddis</td> <td>The Recognitions</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neil Gaiman</td> <td>American Gods</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Gallico</td> <td>The Snow Goose</td> <td>1941</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Galsworthy</td> <td>The Man of Property</td> <td>1906</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alex Garland</td> <td>The Beach</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Garner</td> <td>Red Shift</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Gaskell</td> <td>Mary Barton</td> <td>1848</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Gaskell</td> <td>Cranford</td> <td>1853</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Gaskell</td> <td>Ruth</td> <td>1853</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Gaskell</td> <td>North and South</td> <td>1855</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gerhardie</td> <td>The Polyglots</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stella Gibbons</td> <td>Cold Comfort Farm</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lewis Grassic Gibbon</td> <td>Sunset Song</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gibson</td> <td>Neuromancer</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Gide</td> <td>The Immoralist</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Gide</td> <td>Strait Is the Gate</td> <td>1909</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Gide</td> <td>The Vatican Cellars</td> <td>1914</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Gide</td> <td>The Counterfeiters</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Perkins Gilman</td> <td>Herland</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Gissing</td> <td>New Grub Street</td> <td>1891</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Gissing</td> <td>The Odd Women</td> <td>1893</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johann Wolfgang Goethe</td> <td>The Sorrows of Young Werther</td> <td>1774</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nikolai Gogol</td> <td>Dead Souls</td> <td>1842</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Golding</td> <td>Lord of the Flies</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Golding</td> <td>To the Ends of the Earth trilogy</td> <td>1980-89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oliver Goldsmith</td> <td>The Vicar of Wakefield</td> <td>1766</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivan Goncharov</td> <td>Oblomov</td> <td>1859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nadine Gordimer</td> <td>July&apos;s People</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maxim Gorky</td> <td>Mother</td> <td>1906</td> </tr> <tr> <td>René Goscinny</td> <td>Asterix the Gaul</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kenneth Grahame</td> <td>The Wind in the Willows</td> <td>1908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Günter Grass</td> <td>The Tin Drum</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Graves</td> <td>Count Belisarius</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alasdair Gray</td> <td>Lanark</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Greaves (George Barr McCutcheon)</td> <td>Brewster&apos;s Millions</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>A Gun For Sale</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>Brighton Rock</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>The Power and the Glory</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>The Ministry of Fear</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>The Third Man</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>The End of the Affair</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>Our Man in Havana</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene</td> <td>Travels With My Aunt</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Greenwood</td> <td>Love on the Dole</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Green</td> <td>Living</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Green</td> <td>Squire Haggard&apos;s Journal</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Grisham</td> <td>A Time to Kill</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Grisham</td> <td>The King of Torts</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vasily Grossman</td> <td>Life and Fate</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Grossmith</td> <td>Diary of a Nobody</td> <td>1892</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giovanni Guareschi</td> <td>The Little World of Don Camillo</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ursula K Le Guin</td> <td>The Earthsea series</td> <td>1968-1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ursula K Le Guin</td> <td>The Left Hand of Darkness</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Høeg</td> <td>Miss Smilla&apos;s Feeling for Snow</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Haddon</td> <td>The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrew O&apos;Hagan</td> <td>Personality</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CT Rawi Hage</td> <td>De Niro&apos;s Game</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>H Rider Haggard</td> <td>King Solomon&apos;s Mines</td> <td>1885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>H Rider Haggard</td> <td>She</td> <td>1887</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joe Haldeman</td> <td>The Forever War</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Radclyffe Hall</td> <td>The Well of Loneliness</td> <td>1928</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick Hamilton</td> <td>Hangover Square</td> <td>1941</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick Hamilton</td> <td>The Slaves of Solitude</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dashiell Hammett</td> <td>Red Harvest</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dashiell Hammett</td> <td>The Maltese Falcon</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dashiell Hammett</td> <td>The Glass Key</td> <td>1931</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dashiell Hammett</td> <td>The Thin Man</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Knut Hamsun</td> <td>Hunger</td> <td>1890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy</td> <td>Far from the Madding Crowd</td> <td>1874</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy</td> <td>The Mayor of Casterbridge</td> <td>1886</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy</td> <td>The Woodlanders</td> <td>1887</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy</td> <td>Tess of the D&apos;Urbervilles</td> <td>1891</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy</td> <td>Jude the Obscure</td> <td>1895</td> </tr> <tr> <td>M John Harrison</td> <td>Light</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Harris</td> <td>Covenant with Death</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Harris</td> <td>Fatherland</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Harris</td> <td>Enigma</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Harris</td> <td>Black Sunday</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Harris</td> <td>Red Dragon</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>LP Hartley</td> <td>The Shrimp and the Anemone</td> <td>1944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>LP Hartley</td> <td>The Go-Between</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jaroslav Hasek</td> <td>The Good Soldier Svejk</td> <td>1923</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nathaniel Hawthorne</td> <td>The Scarlet Letter</td> <td>1850</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nathaniel Hawthorne</td> <td>The House of the Seven Gables</td> <td>1851</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shirley Hazzard</td> <td>The Transit of Venus</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert A Heinlein</td> <td>Stranger in a Strange Land</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Heller</td> <td>Catch-22</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ernest Hemingway</td> <td>A Farewell to Arms</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ernest Hemingway</td> <td>For Whom the Bell Tolls</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ernest Hemingway</td> <td>The Old Man and the Sea</td> <td>1952</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frank Herbert</td> <td>Dune</td> <td>1965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hergé</td> <td>The Crab with the Golden Claws</td> <td>1941</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hergé</td> <td>Tintin in Tibet</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hergé</td> <td>The Castafiore Emerald</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Hesse</td> <td>Steppenwolf</td> <td>1927</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Hesse</td> <td>Narziss and Goldmund</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Hesse</td> <td>The Glass Bead Game</td> <td>1943</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georgette Heyer</td> <td>Regency Buck</td> <td>1935 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georgette Heyer</td> <td>The Infamous Army</td> <td>1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carl Hiaasen</td> <td>Tourist Season</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George V Higgins</td> <td>The Friends of Eddie Coyle</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia Highsmith</td> <td>Strangers on a Train</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia Highsmith</td> <td>The Talented Mr Ripley</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Reginald Hill</td> <td>Bones and Silence</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chester Himes</td> <td>A Rage in Harlem</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barry Hines</td> <td>A Kestrel for a Knave</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Russell Hoban</td> <td>Riddley Walker</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Hodgins</td> <td>Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House</td> <td>1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hogg</td> <td>The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner</td> <td>1824</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Hollinghurst</td> <td>The Swimming-Pool Library</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Hollinghurst</td> <td> The Line of Beauty</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Winifred Holtby</td> <td>South Riding</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Hope</td> <td>The Prisoner of Zenda</td> <td>1894</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nick Hornby</td> <td>High Fidelity</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Hornschemeier</td> <td>The Three Paradoxes</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Khaled Hosseini</td> <td>The Kite Runner</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michel Houellebecq</td> <td>Atomised</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoffrey Household</td> <td>Rogue Male</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bohumil Hrabal</td> <td>I Served the King of England</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WH Hudson</td> <td>Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest</td> <td>1904</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Hughes</td> <td>A High Wind in Jamaica</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hughes</td> <td>Tom Brown&apos;s School Days</td> <td>1857</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Hugo</td> <td>Les Misérables</td> <td>1862</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zora Neale Hurston</td> <td>Their Eyes Were Watching God</td> <td>1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aldous Huxley</td> <td>Crome Yellow</td> <td>1921</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aldous Huxley</td> <td>Brave New World</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hynes</td> <td>The Lecturer&apos;s Tale — A Novel</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frances Iles</td> <td>Malice Aforethought</td> <td>1931</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arnaldur Indridason</td> <td>Silence of the Grave</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Innes</td> <td>Death at the President&apos;s Lodging</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Irving</td> <td>A Prayer for Owen Meany</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Isherwood</td> <td>Mr Norris Changes Trains</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Isherwood</td> <td>Goodbye to Berlin</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kazuo Ishiguro</td> <td>The Remains of the Day</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kazuo Ishiguro</td> <td>The Unconsoled</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shirley Jackson</td> <td>The Haunting of Hill House</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Howard Jacobson</td> <td>The Mighty Walzer</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James</td> <td>Washington Square</td> <td>1880</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James</td> <td>Portrait of a Lady</td> <td>1881</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James</td> <td>The Turn of the Screw</td> <td>1898</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James</td> <td>The Wings of the Dove</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James</td> <td>The Ambassadors</td> <td>1903</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PD James</td> <td>Cover Her Face</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PD James</td> <td>A Taste for Death</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PD James</td> <td>The Children of Men</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Randall Jarrell</td> <td>Pictures from an Institution</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Jefferies</td> <td>After London; Or, Wild England</td> <td>1885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elfriede Jelinek</td> <td>The Piano Teacher</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Jenkins</td> <td>The Tortoise and the Hare</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jerome K Jerome</td> <td>Three Men in a Boat</td> <td>1899</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BS Johnson</td> <td>The Unfortunates</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Johnson</td> <td>Rasselas</td> <td>1759</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gwyneth Jones</td> <td>Bold as Love</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Jones</td> <td>From Here to Eternity</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Joyce</td> <td>A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</td> <td>1916</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Joyce</td> <td>Ulysses</td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Joyce</td> <td>Finnegans Wake</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Layla al-Juhani</td> <td>Jahiliyya</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ismail Kadare</td> <td>Chronicle in Stone</td> <td>1971</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Franz Kafka</td> <td>The Trial</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Franz Kafka</td> <td>The Castle</td> <td>1926</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MacKinlay Kantor</td> <td>Andersonville</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yasunari Kawabata</td> <td>Beauty and Sadness</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MM Kaye</td> <td>The Far Pavilions</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nikos Kazantzakis</td> <td>Zorba the Greek</td> <td>1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Molly Keane</td> <td>Good Behaviour</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Garrison Keillor</td> <td>Lake Wobegon Days</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Kelman</td> <td>How Late It Was, How Late</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yashar Kemal</td> <td>Memed, My Hawk</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harry Kemelman</td> <td>Friday the Rabbi Slept Late</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Keneally</td> <td>Confederates</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Keneally</td> <td>Schindler&apos;s Ark</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AL Kennedy</td> <td>Day</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pamela Kent</td> <td>Moon over Africa</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack Kerouac</td> <td>On the Road</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ken Kesey</td> <td>One Flew Over the Cuckoo&apos;s Nest</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Keyes</td> <td>Flowers for Algernon</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colette Khoury</td> <td>Ayyam Ma&apos;ah</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen King</td> <td>The Shining</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen King</td> <td>Misery</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen King</td> <td>Dolores Claiborne</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rudyard Kipling</td> <td>Kim</td> <td>1901</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Koestler</td> <td>Darkness at Noon</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jerzy Kosinski</td> <td>The Painted Bird</td> <td>1965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Milan Kundera</td> <td>The Book of Laughter and Forgetting</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Milan Kundera</td> <td>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hanif Kureishi</td> <td>The Buddha of Suburbia</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrey Kurkov</td> <td>Death and the Penguin</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Lanchester</td> <td>The Debt to Pleasure</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Larkin</td> <td>A Girl in Winter</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nella Larsen</td> <td>Passing</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marghanita Laski</td> <td>The Victorian Chaise-longue</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DH Lawrence</td> <td>Sons and Lovers</td> <td>1913</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DH Lawrence</td> <td>The Rainbow</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DH Lawrence</td> <td>Women in Love</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DH Lawrence</td> <td>Lady Chatterley&apos;s Lover</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harper Lee</td> <td>To Kill A Mockingbird</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurie Lee</td> <td>Cider with Rosie</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rosamond Lehmann</td> <td>Invitation to the Waltz</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rosamond Lehmann</td> <td>The Weather in the Streets</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rosamond Lehmann</td> <td>The Echoing Grove</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stanislaw Lem</td> <td>Solaris</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elmore Leonard</td> <td>52 Pick-Up</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elmore Leonard</td> <td>Get Shorty</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alain-René Lesage</td> <td>L&apos;Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane</td> <td>1715-1735</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Doris Lessing</td> <td>The Grass is Singing</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Doris Lessing</td> <td>The Golden Notebook</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Doris Lessing</td> <td>Memoirs of a Survivor</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Lethem</td> <td>Motherless Brooklyn</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Primo Levi</td> <td>If Not Now, When?</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CS Lewis</td> <td>The Chronicles of Narnia</td> <td>1950-56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MG Lewis</td> <td>The Monk</td> <td>1796</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sinclair Lewis</td> <td>Main Street</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sinclair Lewis</td> <td>Elmer Gantry</td> <td>1927</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Lindsay</td> <td>A Voyage to Arcturus</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Llewellyn</td> <td>How Green Was My Valley</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Lodge</td> <td>Changing Places</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Lodge</td> <td>Nice Work</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack London</td> <td>The Call of the Wild</td> <td>1903</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack London</td> <td>Martin Eden</td> <td>1909</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anita Loos</td> <td>Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Audre Lorde</td> <td>Zami</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malcolm Lowry</td> <td>Under the Volcano</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Ludlum</td> <td>The Bourne Identity</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alison Lurie</td> <td>Foreign Aff airs</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gabriel García Márquez</td> <td>One Hundred Years of Solitude</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gabriel García Márquez</td> <td>Love in the Time of Cholera</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Amin Maalouf</td> <td>Samarkand</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rose Macaulay</td> <td>The Towers of Trebizond</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AG Macdonnell</td> <td>England, Their England</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis</td> <td>The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas</td> <td>1871</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis</td> <td>Dom Casmurro</td> <td>1899</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colin MacInnes</td> <td>Absolute Beginners</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Compton Mackenzie</td> <td>Whisky Galore</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julian Maclaren-Ross</td> <td>Of Love and Hunger</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alastair Maclean</td> <td>The Guns of Navarone</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ken MacLeod</td> <td>The Night Sessions</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Madsen</td> <td>Memoirs of a Gnostic Dwarf</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Naguib Mahfouz</td> <td>Cairo trilogy</td> <td>1956-57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Naguib Mahfouz</td> <td>Palace Walk</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norman Mailer</td> <td>The Naked and the Dead</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernard Malamud</td> <td>The Assistant</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Malouf</td> <td>Remembering Babylon</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Malraux</td> <td>La Condition Humaine</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henning Mankell</td> <td>Sidetracked</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Olivia Manning</td> <td>The Fortunes of War novels</td> <td>1960-80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Mann</td> <td>Buddenbrooks</td> <td>1901</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Mann</td> <td>Death in Venice</td> <td>1912</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Mann</td> <td>The Magic Mountain</td> <td>1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hilary Mantel</td> <td>Beyond Black</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alessandro Manzoni</td> <td>The Betrothed</td> <td>1827</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Javier Marías</td> <td>A Heart So White</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dacia Maraini</td> <td>The Silent Duchess</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederick Marryat</td> <td>The Children of the New Forest</td> <td>1847</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Marshall Smith</td> <td>Only Forward</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Matheson</td> <td>I Am Legend</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Maturin</td> <td>Melmoth the Wanderer</td> <td>1820</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Somerset Maugham</td> <td>Of Human Bondage</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>W Somerset Maugham</td> <td>Cakes and Ale — Or, the Skeleton in the Cupboard</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Armistead Maupin</td> <td>Tales of the City</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Maxwell</td> <td>Chateau</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Maxwell</td> <td>So Long, See You Tomorrow</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FM Mayor</td> <td>The Rector&apos;s Daughter</td> <td>1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ed McBain</td> <td>Cop Hater</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick McCabe</td> <td>The Butcher Boy</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cormac McCarthy</td> <td>Blood Meridian</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cormac McCarthy</td> <td>All the Pretty Horses</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cormac McCarthy</td> <td>No Country for Old Men</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cormac McCarthy</td> <td>The Road</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary McCarthy</td> <td>The Group</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carson McCullers</td> <td>The Heart is a Lonely Hunter</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carson McCullers</td> <td>The Member of the Wedding</td> <td>1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johnston McCulley</td> <td>The Mark of Zorro</td> <td>1919</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian McEwan</td> <td>The Child in Time</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian McEwan</td> <td>Enduring Love</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian McEwan</td> <td>Atonement</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John McGahern</td> <td>Amongst Women</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jay McInerney</td> <td>Bright Lights, Big City</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Larry McMurtry</td> <td>Lonesome Dove</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Herman Melville</td> <td>Moby-Dick or, The Whale</td> <td>1851</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jed Mercurio</td> <td>Ascent</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Meredith</td> <td>The Ordeal of Richard Feverel</td> <td>1859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Meredith</td> <td>The Egoist</td> <td>1879</td> </tr> <tr> <td>China Miéville</td> <td>The Scar</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Michener</td> <td>Tales of the South Pacific</td> <td>1847</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter M Miller Jr</td> <td>A Canticle for Leibowitz</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrew Miller</td> <td>Ingenious Pain</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Miller</td> <td>Tropic of Cancer</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isabel Miller</td> <td>Patience and Sarah</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spike Milligan</td> <td>Puckoon</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Magnus Mills</td> <td>The Restraint of Beasts</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rohinton Mistry</td> <td>A Fine Balance</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rohinton Mistry</td> <td>Family Matters</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Mitchell</td> <td>Cloud Atlas</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Mitchell</td> <td>Gone with the Wind</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nancy Mitford</td> <td>The Pursuit of Love</td> <td>1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nancy Mitford</td> <td>Love in a Cold Climate</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholas Monsarrat</td> <td>The Cruel Sea</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Moorcock</td> <td>Mother London</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brian Moore</td> <td>The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elsa Morante</td> <td>Arturo&apos;s Island: A Novel</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elsa Morante</td> <td>History</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alberto Moravia</td> <td>The Time of Indifference</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Toni Morrison</td> <td>The Bluest Eye</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Toni Morrison</td> <td>Song of Solomon</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Toni Morrison</td> <td>Beloved</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Morris</td> <td>News From Nowhere</td> <td>1890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Mortimer</td> <td>Charade</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Mortimer</td> <td>Titmuss Regained</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Mosley</td> <td>Devil in a Blue Dress</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Timothy Mo</td> <td>Sour Sweet</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alice Munro</td> <td>Who Do You Think You Are?</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Haruki Murakami</td> <td>Norwegian Wood</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Haruki Murakami</td> <td>The Wind-up Bird Chronicle</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iris Murdoch</td> <td>Under the Net</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iris Murdoch</td> <td>The Black Prince</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Musil</td> <td>The Man Without Qualities</td> <td>1930-32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irène Némirovsky</td> <td>Suite Française</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Nabokov</td> <td>Lolita, or the Confessions of a White Widowed Male</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Nabokov</td> <td>Pnin</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Nabokov</td> <td>Pale Fire</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Nabokov</td> <td>Ada or Ardor</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shiva Naipaul</td> <td>Fireflies</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VS Naipaul</td> <td>A House for Mr Biswas</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VS Naipaul</td> <td>A Bend in the River</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RK Narayan</td> <td>The Painter of Signs</td> <td>1976</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Audrey Niffenegger</td> <td>The Time Traveler&apos;s Wife</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bao Ninh</td> <td>The Sorrow of War</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anaïs Nin</td> <td>Delta of Venus</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Larry Niven</td> <td>Ringworld</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeff Noon</td> <td>Vurt</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cees Nooteboom</td> <td>All Souls Day</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frank Norris</td> <td>McTeague</td> <td>1899</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kenzaburo Oe</td> <td>Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ben Okri</td> <td>The Famished Road</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Ondaatje</td> <td>The English Patient</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E Phillips Oppenheim</td> <td>The Strange Boarders of Palace Crescent</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E Phillips Oppenhein</td> <td>The Great Impersonation</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Baroness Emmuska Orczy</td> <td>The Scarlet Pimpernel</td> <td>1905</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Orwell</td> <td>Burmese Days</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Orwell</td> <td>Animal Farm</td> <td>1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Orwell</td> <td>Nineteen Eighty-four</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chuck Palahniuk</td> <td>Fight Club</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orhan Pamuk</td> <td>My Name Is Red</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sara Paretsky</td> <td>Toxic Shock</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sara Paretsky</td> <td>Blacklist</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pier Paolo Pasolini</td> <td>The Ragazzi</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Dos Passos</td> <td>Three Soldiers</td> <td>1921</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Dos Passos</td> <td>U.S.A.</td> <td>1930-36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Boris Pasternak</td> <td>Doctor Zhivago</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Paton</td> <td>Cry, The Beloved Country</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cesare Pavese</td> <td>The Moon and the Bonfire</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Peace</td> <td>Nineteen Seventy-Four</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Peace</td> <td>Nineteen Seventy Seven</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Peace</td> <td>GB84</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Love Peacock</td> <td>Headlong Hall</td> <td>1816</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Love Peacock</td> <td>Nightmare Abbey</td> <td>1818</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mervyn Peake</td> <td>Titus Groan</td> <td>1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Pelecanos</td> <td>The Big Blowdown</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Pelecanos</td> <td>Hard Revolution</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Pelevin</td> <td>The Sacred Book of the Werewolf</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walker Percy</td> <td>The Moviegoer</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Perec</td> <td>La Disparition</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Perec</td> <td>Les Revenentes</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Perec</td> <td>La Vie mode d&apos;emploi</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert M Pirsig</td> <td>Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sylvia Plath</td> <td>The Bell Jar</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Plunkett</td> <td>My Search for Warren Harding</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederik Pohl &amp; CM Kornbluth</td> <td>The Space Merchants</td> <td>1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chaim Potok</td> <td>My Name is Asher Lev</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell</td> <td>Afternoon Men</td> <td>1931</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell</td> <td>A Dance to the Music of Time</td> <td>1951-75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell</td> <td>The Valley of Bones</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell</td> <td>The Soldier&apos;s Art</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell</td> <td>The Military Philosophers</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dawn Powell</td> <td>A Time to Be Born</td> <td>1942</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Cowper Powys</td> <td>A Glastonbury Romance</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Abbé Prévost</td> <td>Manon Lescaut</td> <td>1731</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Terry Pratchett</td> <td>The Discworld series</td> <td>1983- </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Price</td> <td>Lush Life</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JB Priestley</td> <td>The Good Companions</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Priest</td> <td>The Prestige</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Annie Proulx</td> <td>The Shipping News</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marcel Proust</td> <td>Remembrance of Things Past</td> <td>1913-27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Pullman</td> <td>His Dark Materials</td> <td>1995-2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mario Puzo</td> <td>The Godfather</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Pym</td> <td>Excellent Women</td> <td>1952</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Pym</td> <td>Less Than Angels</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Pynchon</td> <td>V</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Pynchon</td> <td>The Crying of Lot 49</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Pynchon</td> <td>Gravity&apos;s Rainbow</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Pynchon</td> <td>Vineland</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Queneau</td> <td>Zazie in the Metro</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>François Rabelais</td> <td>Gargantua and Pantagruel</td> <td>1532-34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ann Radcliffe</td> <td>The Mysteries of Udolpho</td> <td>1794</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Rankin</td> <td>Black &amp; Blue</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Rankin</td> <td>The Hanging Garden</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Rankin</td> <td>Exit Music</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rudolf Erich Raspe</td> <td>The Surprising Adventures Of Baron Munchausen</td> <td>1785 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simon Raven</td> <td>Alms for Oblivion</td> <td>1964-76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Piers Paul Read</td> <td>A Married Man</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erich Maria Remarque</td> <td>All Quiet on the Western Front</td> <td>1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ruth Rendell</td> <td>Judgment in Stone</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ruth Rendell</td> <td>Live Flesh</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alastair Reynolds</td> <td>Revelation Space</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean Rhys</td> <td>Wide Sargasso Sea</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorothy Richardson</td> <td>Pointed Roofs</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Handel Richardson</td> <td>Maurice Guest</td> <td>1908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Handel Richardson</td> <td>The Fortunes of Richard Mahony</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Richardson</td> <td>Pamela</td> <td>1740</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Richardson</td> <td>Clarissa</td> <td>1748</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mordecai Richler</td> <td>Solomon Gursky Was Here</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kim Stanley Robinson</td> <td>The Years of Rice and Salt</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marilynne Robinson</td> <td>Gilead</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jooundso Guimaroundses Rosa</td> <td>The Devil to Pay in the Backlands</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Roth</td> <td>Call It Sleep</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Roth</td> <td>The Radetzky March</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Roth</td> <td>Portnoy&apos;s Complaint</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Roth</td> <td>American Pastoral</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Roth</td> <td>The Human Stain</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</td> <td>Julie, ou la Nouvelle Héloïse</td> <td>1761</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JK Rowling</td> <td>Harry Potter and the Philosopher&apos;s Stone</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arundhati Roy</td> <td>The God of Small Things</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Salman Rushdie</td> <td>Midnight&apos;s Children</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Salman Rushdie</td> <td>Shame</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Salman Rushdie</td> <td>The Satanic Verses</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joanna Russ</td> <td>The Female Man</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoff Ryman</td> <td>Air</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rafael Sabatini</td> <td>Scaramouche</td> <td>1921</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rafael Sabatini</td> <td>Captain Blood His Odyssey</td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Françoise Sagan</td> <td>Bonjour Tristesse</td> <td>1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurban Said</td> <td>Ali and Nino</td> <td>1928</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saki</td> <td>The Westminster Alice</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saki</td> <td>The Unbearable Bassington</td> <td>1912</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JD Salinger</td> <td>The Catcher in the Rye</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Salter</td> <td>The Hunters</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Salter</td> <td>A Sport and a Pastime</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Salter</td> <td>Light Years</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cora Sandel</td> <td>Alberta and Jacob</td> <td>1926</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CJ Sansom</td> <td>Dissolution</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>José Saramago</td> <td>Blindness</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorothy L Sayers</td> <td>Whose Body?</td> <td>1923</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorothy L Sayers</td> <td>Murder Must Advertise</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernhard Schlink</td> <td>The Reader</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leonardo Sciascia</td> <td>To Each His Own</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Scott</td> <td>Staying On</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Scott</td> <td>Ivanhoe</td> <td>1819</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aara Seale</td> <td>The Reluctant Orphan</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle</td> <td>Molesworth</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ronald Searle</td> <td>Hurrah for St Trinian&apos;s</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WG Sebald</td> <td>The Rings of Saturn</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WG Sebald</td> <td>Austerlitz</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erich Segal</td> <td>Love Story</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hubert Selby Jr</td> <td>Last Exit to Brooklyn</td> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Will Self</td> <td>Great Apes</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Will Self</td> <td>How the Dead Live</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Selvon</td> <td>The Lonely Londoners</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ousmane Sembène</td> <td>God&apos;s Bit of Wood</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Serge</td> <td>The Case of Comrade Tulayev</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vikram Seth</td> <td>A Suitable Boy</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anna Sewell</td> <td>Black Beauty</td> <td>1877</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tom Sharpe</td> <td>Porterhouse Blue</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tom Sharpe</td> <td>Blott on the Landscape</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irwin Shaw</td> <td>The Young Lions</td> <td>1949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wilfred Sheed</td> <td>Office Politics</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary Shelley</td> <td>Frankenstein</td> <td>1818</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu</td> <td>Uncle Silas</td> <td>1864</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lao She</td> <td>Rickshaw Boy</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carol Shields</td> <td>Unless</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lionel Shriver</td> <td>We Need to Talk About Kevin</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nevil Shute</td> <td>A Town Like Alice</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Sillitoe</td> <td>Saturday Night &amp; Sunday Morning</td> <td>1958</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Simenon</td> <td>The Madman of Bergerac</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Simenon</td> <td>The Blue Room</td> <td>1965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Simmons</td> <td>Belles Lettres Papers: A Novel</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dan Simmons</td> <td>Hyperion</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May Sinclair</td> <td>The Three Sisters</td> <td>1914</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Upton Sinclair</td> <td>The Jungle</td> <td>1906</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Bashevis Singer</td> <td>The Family Moskat</td> <td>1950</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Bashevis Singer</td> <td>Enemies, a Love Story</td> <td>1972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö</td> <td>The Laughing Policeman</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Smart</td> <td>At Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept</td> <td>1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Smiley</td> <td>A Thousand Acres</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Smiley</td> <td>Moo</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dodie Smith</td> <td>I Capture the Castle</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Cruz Smith</td> <td>Gorky Park</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stevie Smith</td> <td>Novel on Yellow Paper</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thorne Smith</td> <td>Topper Takes a Trip</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zadie Smith</td> <td>White Teeth</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zadie Smith</td> <td>On Beauty</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tobias Smollett</td> <td>The Adventures of Roderick Random</td> <td>1748</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tobias Smollett</td> <td>The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle</td> <td>1751</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tobias Smollett</td> <td>The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom</td> <td>1753</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tobias Smollett</td> <td>The Expedition of Humphry Clinker</td> <td>1771</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</td> <td>One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich</td> <td>1962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ahdaf Soueif</td> <td>The Map of Love</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marcel Allain and Pierre Souvestre</td> <td>Fantômas</td> <td>1911</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark</td> <td>The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark</td> <td>The Girls of Slender Means</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark</td> <td>The Driver&apos;s Seat</td> <td>1970</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark</td> <td>Loitering With Intent</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark</td> <td>A Far Cry from Kensington</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Art Spiegelman</td> <td>Maus: A Survivor&apos;s Tale</td> <td>1973-1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Olaf Stapledon</td> <td>Star Maker</td> <td>1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christina Stead</td> <td>The Man Who Loved Children</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Steinbeck</td> <td>Of Mice and Men</td> <td>1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Steinbeck</td> <td>The Grapes of Wrath</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Steinbeck</td> <td>East of Eden</td> <td>1952</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stendhal</td> <td>The Red and the Black</td> <td>1830</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stendhal</td> <td>The Charterhouse of Parma</td> <td>1839</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neal Stephenson</td> <td>Snow Crash</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neal Stephenson</td> <td>Cryptonomicon</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurence Sterne</td> <td>The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</td> <td>1759</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurence Sterne</td> <td>A Sentimental Journey</td> <td>1768</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Louis Stevenson</td> <td>Treasure Island</td> <td>1883</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Louis Stevenson</td> <td>Kidnapped</td> <td>1886</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Louis Stevenson</td> <td>The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde</td> <td>1886</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mike Stocks</td> <td>White Man Falling</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bram Stoker</td> <td>Dracula</td> <td>1897</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Stone</td> <td>A Flag for Sunrise</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Storey</td> <td>This Sporting Life</td> <td>1960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rex Stout</td> <td>The League of Frightened Men</td> <td>1935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harriet Beecher Stowe</td> <td>Uncle Tom&apos;s Cabin</td> <td>1852</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Noel Streatfeild</td> <td>Ballet Shoes</td> <td>1936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August Strindberg</td> <td>The Red Room</td> <td>1879</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Styron</td> <td>Sophie&apos;s Choice</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick Suüskind</td> <td>Perfume</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RS Surtees</td> <td>Handley Cross</td> <td>1843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jacqueline Susann</td> <td>Valley of the Dolls</td> <td>1966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italo Svevo</td> <td>Confessions of Zeno</td> <td>1923</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Swift</td> <td>Waterland</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Swift</td> <td>A Tale of a Tub</td> <td>1704</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colm Tóibín</td> <td>The Blackwater Lightship</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rabindranath Tagore</td> <td>The Home and the World</td> <td>1916</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Junichiro Tanizaki</td> <td>Diary of a Mad Old Man</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Booth Tarkington</td> <td>Penrod</td> <td>1914</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Booth Tarkington</td> <td>The Magnificent Ambersons</td> <td>1918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Donna Tartt</td> <td>The Secret History</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Taylor</td> <td>Angel</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Josephine Tey</td> <td>The Daughter of Time</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Makepeace Thackeray</td> <td>The Luck of Barry Lyndon</td> <td>1844</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Makepeace Thackeray</td> <td>Vanity Fair</td> <td>1848</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Thirkell</td> <td>Before Lunch</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leslie Thomas</td> <td>Tropic of Ruislip</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flora Thompson</td> <td>Lark Rise to Candleford</td> <td>1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jim Thompson</td> <td>The Getaway</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rupert Thomson</td> <td>The Insult</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JRR Tolkien</td> <td>The Hobbit</td> <td>1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JRR Tolkien</td> <td>The Lord of the Rings</td> <td>1954-55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leo Tolstoy</td> <td>War and Peace</td> <td>1869</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leo Tolstoy</td> <td>Anna Karenina</td> <td>1877</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Kennedy Toole</td> <td>A Confederacy of Dunces</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sue Townsend</td> <td>The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13 3/4</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rose Tremain</td> <td>Music and Silence</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Tressell</td> <td>The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists</td> <td>1914</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Trevor</td> <td>Death in Summer</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Trollope</td> <td>Barchester Towers</td> <td>1857</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Trollope</td> <td>The Last Chronicle of Barset</td> <td>1867</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Trollope</td> <td>The Way We Live Now</td> <td>1875</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kilgore Trout</td> <td>Venus on the Half-Shell</td> <td>1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivan Turgenev</td> <td>First Love</td> <td>1860</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivan Turgenev</td> <td>Fathers and Sons</td> <td>1862</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain</td> <td>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</td> <td>1876</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain</td> <td>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</td> <td>1885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain</td> <td>A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur&apos;s Court</td> <td>1889</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain</td> <td>Pudd&apos;nhead Wilson</td> <td>1894</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain</td> <td>The Mysterious Stranger</td> <td>1916</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anne Tyler</td> <td>The Accidental Tourist</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anne Tyler</td> <td>Breathing Lessons</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miguel de Unamuno</td> <td>Peace in War</td> <td>1897</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Updike</td> <td>The Rabbit Omnibus</td> <td>1960-90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Updike</td> <td>Couples</td> <td>1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Updike</td> <td>The Witches of Eastwick</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vassilis Vassilikos</td> <td>Z</td> <td>1967</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jules Verne</td> <td>A Journey to the Centre of the Earth</td> <td>1864</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jules Verne</td> <td>Around the World in Eighty Days</td> <td>1873</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gore Vidal</td> <td>Williwaw</td> <td>1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Vine</td> <td>A Dark-Adapted Eye</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Vine</td> <td>A Fatal Inversion</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Vine</td> <td>King Solomon&apos;s Carpet</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Voltaire</td> <td>Candide</td> <td>1759</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurt Vonnegut</td> <td>Sirens of Titan</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurt Vonnegut</td> <td>Slaughterhouse-Five</td> <td>1969</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurt Vonnegut</td> <td>Breakfast of Champions</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alice Walker</td> <td>The Color Purple</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Foster Wallace</td> <td>Infinite Jest</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edgar Wallace</td> <td>The Four Just Men</td> <td>1905</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Horace Walpole</td> <td>The Castle of Otranto</td> <td>1764</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Walser</td> <td>Institute Benjamenta</td> <td>1909</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chris Ware</td> <td>Jimmy Corrigan, The Smartest Kid on Earth</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Warner</td> <td>Morvern Callar</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sylvia Townsend Warner</td> <td>Lolly Willowes</td> <td>1926</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Keith Waterhouse</td> <td>Billy Liar</td> <td>1959</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sarah Waters</td> <td>Affinity</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sarah Waters</td> <td>Fingersmith</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sarah Waters</td> <td>The Night Watch</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Decline and Fall</td> <td>1928</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Vile Bodies</td> <td>1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Black Mischief</td> <td>1932</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>A Handful of Dust</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Scoop</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Put Out More Flags</td> <td>1942</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>The Loved One</td> <td>1948</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh</td> <td>Men at Arms</td> <td>1952</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Webb</td> <td>The Graduate</td> <td>1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fay Weldon</td> <td>The Life and Loves of a She-Devil</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells</td> <td>The Time Machine</td> <td>1895</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells</td> <td>The Island of Dr Moreau</td> <td>1896</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells</td> <td>The War of the Worlds</td> <td>1898</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells</td> <td>Tono Bungay</td> <td>1909</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells</td> <td>The History of Mr Polly</td> <td>1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irvine Welsh</td> <td>Trainspotting</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Westall</td> <td>The Machine-Gunners</td> <td>1975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nathanael West</td> <td>The Day of the Locust</td> <td>1939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rebecca West</td> <td>The Return of the Soldier</td> <td>1918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rebecca West</td> <td>The Fountain Overflows</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edith Wharton</td> <td>The House of Mirth</td> <td>1905</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edith Wharton</td> <td>The Age of Innocence</td> <td>1920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antonia White</td> <td>Frost in May</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick White</td> <td>The Tree of Man</td> <td>1955</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick White</td> <td>Voss</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TH White</td> <td>The Sword in the Stone</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oscar Wilde</td> <td>The Picture of Dorian Gray</td> <td>1891</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nigel Williams</td> <td>The Wimbledon Poisoner</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angus Wilson</td> <td>Anglo-Saxon Attitudes</td> <td>1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angus Wilson</td> <td>The Old Men at the Zoo</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeanette Winterson</td> <td>Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeanette Winterson</td> <td>The Passion</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Owen Wister</td> <td>The Virginian</td> <td>1902</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>Something Fresh</td> <td>1915</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>Piccadilly Jim</td> <td>1918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>Heavy Weather</td> <td>1933</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>Thank You Jeeves</td> <td>1934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>The Code of the Woosters</td> <td>1938</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse</td> <td>Joy in the Morning</td> <td>1947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gene Wolfe</td> <td>The Book of the New Sun</td> <td>1980-83</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tom Wolfe</td> <td>The Bonfire of the Vanities</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gerard Woodward</td> <td>I&apos;ll Go to Bed at Noon</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mrs Henry Wood</td> <td>East Lynne</td> <td>1861</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Woolf</td> <td>Mrs Dalloway</td> <td>1925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Woolf</td> <td>To the Lighthouse</td> <td>1927</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Woolf</td> <td>Orlando</td> <td>1928</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Herman Wouk</td> <td>The Caine Mutiny</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Wright</td> <td>Native Son</td> <td>1940</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wu Cheng&apos;en</td> <td>Monkey</td> <td>1590s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Wyndham</td> <td>Day of the Triffids</td> <td>1951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Wyndham</td> <td>The Midwich Cuckoos</td> <td>1957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johann David Wyss</td> <td>The Swiss Family Robinson</td> <td>1812</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Yates</td> <td>Revolutionary Road</td> <td>1961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yevgeny Zamyatin</td> <td>We</td> <td>1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Émile Zola</td> <td>Therese Raquin</td> <td>1867</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Émile Zola</td> <td>Germinal</td> <td>1885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Émile Zola</td> <td>La Bête Humaine</td> <td>1890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Émile Zola</td> <td>The Debacle</td> <td>1892</td> </tr> </table> <h3><a id="freq">Author by frequency</a></h3> <table border="1"> <tr> <th align="left">Author</th> <th align="left">Frequency</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Dickens </td> <td>9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Evelyn Waugh </td> <td>8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Greene </td> <td>8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PG Wodehouse </td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Conrad </td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Austin </td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HG Wells </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Twain </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muriel Spark </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Powell </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry James </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hardy </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Eliot </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agatha Christie </td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Émile Zola </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tobias Smollett </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Pynchon </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Nabokov </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cormac McCarthy </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DH Lawrence </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dashiell Hammett </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Gide </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Gaskell </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fyodor Dostoevsky </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Dibdin </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willa Cather </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saul Bellow </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Ballard </td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Woolf </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sarah Waters </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurt Vonnegut </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Vine </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Updike </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Trollope </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Louis Stevenson </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Steinbeck </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Salter </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Salman Rushdie </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Roth </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Rankin </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Perec </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Peace </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Orwell </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Toni Morrison </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian McEwan </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Mann </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Doris Lessing </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rosamond Lehmann </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen King </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Joyce </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PD James </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Hesse </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hergé </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ernest Hemingway </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Forster </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ian Fleming </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gustave Flaubert </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Faulkner </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daphne du Maurier </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Conan Doyle </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Defoe </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Carter </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JL Carr </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John le Carré </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Carey </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Burgess </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Brontë </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Boyd </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Bowen </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honoré de Balzac </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beryl Bainbridge </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Atwood </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Amis </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Ambler </td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Wyndham </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeanette Winterson </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angus Wilson </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick White </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edith Wharton </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rebecca West </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jules Verne </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anne Tyler </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivan Turgenev </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leo Tolstoy </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JRR Tolkien </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Makepeace Thackeray </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Booth Tarkington </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurence Sterne </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neal Stephenson </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stendhal </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zadie Smith </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Smiley </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Bashevis Singer </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georges Simenon </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tom Sharpe </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Will Self </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WG Sebald </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorothy L Sayers </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saki </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rafael Sabatini </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Richardson </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Handel Richardson </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ruth Rendell </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barbara Pym </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Pelecanos </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Love Peacock </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Dos Passos </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sara Paretsky </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VS Naipaul </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iris Murdoch </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Haruki Murakami </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Mortimer </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elsa Morante </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nancy Mitford </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rohinton Mistry </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Meredith </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carson McCullers </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Maxwell </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Naguib Mahfouz </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gabriel García Márquez </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack London </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Lodge </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sinclair Lewis </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elmore Leonard </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Milan Kundera </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Keneally </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Franz Kafka </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kazuo Ishiguro </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Isherwood </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aldous Huxley </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Hollinghurst </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia Highsmith </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Georgette Heyer </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nathaniel Hawthorne </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>LP Hartley </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Harris </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Harris </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick Hamilton </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>H Rider Haggard </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ursula K Le Guin </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Grisham </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Golding </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Gissing </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Frayn </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Fowles </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CS Forester </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Ford </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ford Madox Ford </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F Scott Fitzgerald </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Fielding </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeffrey Eugenides </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Ellroy </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maria Edgeworth </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Umberto Eco </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alexandre Dumas </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Theodore Dreiser </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip K Dick </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colin Dexter </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Don DeLillo </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Len Deighton </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Crichton </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jim Crace </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Douglas Coupland </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wilkie Collins </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JM Coetzee </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Chandler </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joyce Cary </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lewis Carroll </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albert Camus </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italo Calvino </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James M Cain </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AS Byatt </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Butler </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Lee Burke </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Buchan </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flann O&apos;Brien </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arnold Bennett </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Beckett </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HE Bates </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julian Barnes </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iain Banks </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Baldwin </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Auster </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chinua Achebe </td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yevgeny Zamyatin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Yates </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johann David Wyss </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wu Cheng&apos;en </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Wright </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Herman Wouk </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mrs Henry Wood </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gerard Woodward </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tom Wolfe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gene Wolfe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Owen Wister </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nigel Williams </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oscar Wilde </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TH White </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antonia White </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nathanael West </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Westall </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irvine Welsh </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fay Weldon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Webb </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Keith Waterhouse </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sylvia Townsend Warner </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Warner </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chris Ware </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Walser </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Horace Walpole </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edgar Wallace </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Foster Wallace </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alice Walker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Voltaire </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gore Vidal </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vassilis Vassilikos </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miguel de Unamuno </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kilgore Trout </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Trevor </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Tressell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rose Tremain </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sue Townsend </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Kennedy Toole </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rupert Thomson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jim Thompson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flora Thompson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leslie Thomas </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Angela Thirkell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Josephine Tey </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Taylor </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Donna Tartt </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Junichiro Tanizaki </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rabindranath Tagore </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colm Tóibín </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Swift </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Graham Swift </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italo Svevo </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jacqueline Susann </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RS Surtees </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick Suüskind </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Styron </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August Strindberg </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Noel Streatfeild </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harriet Beecher Stowe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rex Stout </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Storey </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Stone </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bram Stoker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mike Stocks </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christina Stead </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Olaf Stapledon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Art Spiegelman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marcel Allain and Pierre Souvestre </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ahdaf Soueif </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thorne Smith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stevie Smith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Martin Cruz Smith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dodie Smith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Smart </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Upton Sinclair </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May Sinclair </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dan Simmons </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Simmons </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Sillitoe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nevil Shute </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lionel Shriver </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carol Shields </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lao She </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary Shelley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wilfred Sheed </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irwin Shaw </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anna Sewell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vikram Seth </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Serge </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ousmane Sembène </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Selvon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hubert Selby Jr </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erich Segal </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ronald Searle </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aara Seale </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Scott </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Scott </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leonardo Sciascia </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernhard Schlink </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>José Saramago </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CJ Sansom </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cora Sandel </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JD Salinger </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kurban Said </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Françoise Sagan </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoff Ryman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joanna Russ </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arundhati Roy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JK Rowling </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean-Jacques Rousseau </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Roth </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Roth </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jooundso Guimaroundses Rosa </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marilynne Robinson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kim Stanley Robinson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mordecai Richler </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorothy Richardson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean Rhys </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alastair Reynolds </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erich Maria Remarque </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Piers Paul Read </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simon Raven </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rudolf Erich Raspe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ann Radcliffe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>François Rabelais </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Queneau </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mario Puzo </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Pullman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marcel Proust </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Annie Proulx </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Priest </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JB Priestley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Price </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Terry Pratchett </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Abbé Prévost </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Cowper Powys </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dawn Powell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chaim Potok </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederik Pohl &amp; CM Kornbluth </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Plunkett </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sylvia Plath </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert M Pirsig </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walker Percy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Pelevin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mervyn Peake </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cesare Pavese </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Paton </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Boris Pasternak </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pier Paolo Pasolini </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orhan Pamuk </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chuck Palahniuk </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Baroness Emmuska Orczy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E Phillips Oppenhein </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E Phillips Oppenheim </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Ondaatje </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ben Okri </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kenzaburo Oe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frank Norris </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cees Nooteboom </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jeff Noon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Larry Niven </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anaïs Nin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bao Ninh </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Audrey Niffenegger </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RK Narayan </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shiva Naipaul </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Irène Némirovsky </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Musil </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alice Munro </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Timothy Mo </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Mosley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Morris </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alberto Moravia </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brian Moore </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Moorcock </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholas Monsarrat </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Mitchell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Mitchell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Magnus Mills </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spike Milligan </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isabel Miller </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Miller </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrew Miller </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter M Miller Jr </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Michener </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>China Miéville </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jed Mercurio </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Herman Melville </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Larry McMurtry </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jay McInerney </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John McGahern </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johnston McCulley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary McCarthy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick McCabe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ed McBain </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FM Mayor </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Armistead Maupin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>W Somerset Maugham </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Somerset Maugham </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Maturin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Matheson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Marshall Smith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederick Marryat </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dacia Maraini </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Javier Marías </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alessandro Manzoni </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hilary Mantel </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Olivia Manning </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henning Mankell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Malraux </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Malouf </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernard Malamud </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norman Mailer </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Madsen </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ken MacLeod </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alastair Maclean </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julian Maclaren-Ross </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Compton Mackenzie </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colin MacInnes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AG Macdonnell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rose Macaulay </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Amin Maalouf </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alison Lurie </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Ludlum </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malcolm Lowry </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Audre Lorde </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anita Loos </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Llewellyn </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David Lindsay </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MG Lewis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CS Lewis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Primo Levi </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Lethem </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alain-René Lesage </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stanislaw Lem </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurie Lee </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harper Lee </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marghanita Laski </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nella Larsen </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philip Larkin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Lanchester </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrey Kurkov </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hanif Kureishi </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jerzy Kosinski </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Koestler </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rudyard Kipling </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colette Khoury </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Keyes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ken Kesey </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack Kerouac </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pamela Kent </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AL Kennedy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Harry Kemelman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yashar Kemal </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Kelman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Garrison Keillor </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Molly Keane </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nikos Kazantzakis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MM Kaye </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yasunari Kawabata </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MacKinlay Kantor </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ismail Kadare </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Layla al-Juhani </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Jones </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gwyneth Jones </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Johnson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BS Johnson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jerome K Jerome </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Jenkins </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elfriede Jelinek </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Jefferies </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Randall Jarrell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Howard Jacobson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shirley Jackson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Irving </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Innes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arnaldur Indridason </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frances Iles </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hynes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zora Neale Hurston </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Victor Hugo </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hughes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Hughes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WH Hudson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bohumil Hrabal </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geoffrey Household </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michel Houellebecq </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Khaled Hosseini </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Hornschemeier </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nick Hornby </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Hope </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Winifred Holtby </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hogg </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eric Hodgins </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Russell Hoban </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Barry Hines </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chester Himes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Reginald Hill </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George V Higgins </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carl Hiaasen </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frank Herbert </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Heller </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert A Heinlein </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shirley Hazzard </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jaroslav Hasek </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Harris </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>M John Harrison </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Knut Hamsun </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Radclyffe Hall </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joe Haldeman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CT Rawi Hage </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Andrew O&apos;Hagan </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Haddon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter Høeg </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giovanni Guareschi </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George Grossmith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vasily Grossman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Green </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Green </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Walter Greenwood </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Greaves (George Barr McCutcheon) </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alasdair Gray </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Robert Graves </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Günter Grass </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kenneth Grahame </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>René Goscinny </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maxim Gorky </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nadine Gordimer </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivan Goncharov </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oliver Goldsmith </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nikolai Gogol </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Johann Wolfgang Goethe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Perkins Gilman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gibson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lewis Grassic Gibbon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stella Gibbons </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gerhardie </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Garner </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alex Garland </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Galsworthy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Gallico </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neil Gaiman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Gaddis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Esther Freud </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Frazier </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>George MacDonald Fraser </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Franzen </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henri Alain-Fournier </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Frederick Forsyth </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Theodor Fontane </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Safran Foer </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Penelope Fitzgerald </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ronald Firbank </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Helen Fielding </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sebastian Faulks </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JG Farrell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michel Faber </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anne Enright </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shusaku Endo </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willem Elsschot </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RJ Ellory </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bret Easton Ellis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ralph Ellison </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enayat el-Zayyat </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Eastlake </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lawrence Durrell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gerald Durrell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marguerite Duras </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Margaret Drabble </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Roddy Doyle </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norman Douglas </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Julie Doucet </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JP Donleavy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EL Doctorow </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Benjamin Disraeli </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas M Disch </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Joan Didion </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Denis Diderot </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Dickey </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giuseppe di Lampedusa </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel R Delaney </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EM Delafield </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peter De Vries </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Antoine de Sainte-Exupéry </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Guy de Maupassant </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Madame de Lafayette </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de Laclos</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>José Maria de Eça de Queiroz </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simone de Beauvoir </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marie Darrieussecq </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mark Danielewski </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Friedrich Dürrenmatt </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Döblin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Amanda Cross </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richmal Crompton </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edmund Crispin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen Crane </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Francis Coventry </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia Cornwell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bernard Cornwell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael G Coney </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Condon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Colette </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sidone-Gabrille Colette </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jonathan Coe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jean Cocteau </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Susanna Clarke </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arthur C Clarke </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kate Chopin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erskine Childers </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>GK Chesterton </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Cheever </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>James Hadley Chase </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Michael Chabon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miguel de Cervantes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Dickson Carr </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leonora Carrington </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alejo Carpentier </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Truman Capote </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elias Canetti </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ramsey Campbell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erskine Caldwell </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Louis-Ferdinand Céline </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>David B </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ron Butlin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Octavia Butler </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Burroughs </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edgar Rice Burroughs </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fanny Burney </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WR Burnett </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ivy Compton-Burnett </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Edward Bulwer-Lytton </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mikhail Bulgakov </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Algis Budrys </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rita Mae Brown </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Charles Brockden Brown </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anita Brookner </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Emily Brontë </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hermann Broch </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Poppy Z Brite </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>André Brink </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Briggs </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tim O&apos;Brien </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patrick O&apos;Brian </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Braine </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Caryl Brahms and SJ Simon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mary E Braddon </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ray Bradbury </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malcolm Bradbury </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WE Bowman </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paul Bowles </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jane Bowles </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Roberto Bolaño </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholas Blake </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RD Blackmore </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Bester </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Bernhard </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anthony Berkeley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>John Berger </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EC Bentley </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EF Benson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alan Bennett </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aphra Behn </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Max Beerbohm </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sybille Bedford </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>William Beckford </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alison Bechdel </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greg Bear </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stephen Baxter </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nina Bawden </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giorgio Bassani </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henry Howarth Bashford </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stan Barstow </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sebastian Barry </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Djuna Barnes </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pat Barker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicola Barker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Clive Barker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lynne Reid Banks </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iain M Banks </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Miklos Banffy </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nigel Balchin </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nicholson Baker </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kate Atkinson </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Asimov </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mulk Raj Anand </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kingsley Amis </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nelson Algren </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brian W Aldiss </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Richard Aldington </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Louisa May Alcott </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Latifa al-Zayyat </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Junghyo Ahn </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Douglas Adams </td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kobo Abe </td> <td>1</td> </tr> </table><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-3614774382511626925?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1142755160300508552006-03-19T07:57:00.000Z2006-03-19T13:28:05.743Z<p> I heard a very interesting story on the <a href="http://www.nature.com/podcast">Nature Podcast</a> (2006/3/8) about mimicry in Poisonous Frogs in Ecuador. It concerned a situation in which there were two species of poisonous frogs in the same area, one more toxic than the other. The surprising result was that a non-poisonous frog imitated the colouring of the less toxic of the two frogs. </p> <p> The explanation for this given by the letter's co-author, Catherine Darst, was as follows. Predators that try eating the more toxic frog develop an aversion to a broad spectrum of similar frogs, including the less toxic variety. In contrast, creatures that eat the less toxic frog develop a more specific aversion to frogs with its colouring only. The counterintuitive result is that imitating the less toxic of the two poisonous species affords the imitator protection from predators who have sampled either species of toxic frog, while imitators of the more toxic frog are protected only from animals that have tried this more toxic species. Darst supported this idea with experiments involving chicks as predators. </p> <p> This is a subtle argument, so let's draw it out a little more, and make it concrete by making the toxic frogs red (for the more poisonous) and blue. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2> Cast of Characters </h2> </div> <table border="1" padding="1"> <tr> <th>Frog</th> <th>Toxicity</th> <th>Chicks eating this eat / avoid</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/RedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Highly Toxic</td> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/RedChick75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoRedFrog75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/BlueFrogR75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Somewhat Toxic</td> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/BlueChick75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/PaleRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Non Toxic (red frog imitator)</td> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/Chick75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/PaleBlueFrogR75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Non Toxic (blue frog imitator)</td> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/Chick75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> </table> <p /> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Protection</h2> </div> <p> So who is protected from whom? </p> <table border="1" padding="1"> <tr> <th>Imitator</th> <td> <table> <tr> <th> Predators that have tried red frogs </th> </tr> <tr> <th> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/RedChick75x75.gif" /> </th> </tr> </table> </td> <td> <table> <tr> <th> Predators that have tried blue frogs </th> </tr> <tr> <th> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/BlueChick75x75.gif" /> </th> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/PaleRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Won't eat red imitators <img align="middle" alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> <td> <font color="red"> <span class="blogb">Will eat red imitators</span> </font> <img align="middle" alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/SmallRedFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/PaleBlueFrogR75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Won't eat blue imitators <img align="middle" alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> <td>Won't eat blue imitators <img align="middle" alt="" src="http://www.complex.plus.com/planetzero/image/NoBlueFrog75x75.gif" /> </td> </tr> </table> <p /> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>So...</h2> </div> <p> So the blues have it: by imitating the less poisonous frog, the non-toxic frog indeed gets protection from predators that have tried either toxic frog species. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Reference</h2> </div> <p> <span class="blogb">Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs</span> Catherine R. Darst, <a href="http://www.cps.utexas.edu/Research/Cummings/cummings.html">Molly E. Cummings</a> Nature <span class="blogb">440</span>, 208-211 (09 Mar 2006) Letters to Editor. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-114275516030050855?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1086905215138040102004-06-10T23:06:00.000+01:002004-06-10T23:06:55.136+01:00<p> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/drexlergreygooalternatives.pdf"> <img alt="PDF" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/pdf.gif" class="vimage" /> </a> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/drexlergreygooalternatives.pdf">Printable Version (PDF)</a> </p> <p> Little did I expect to be writing two articles on &#x22;grey goo&#x22; in less than a week, but Eric Drexler has just published and interesting article (with Chris Phoenix) with his updated perspective on this subject. The articles is published by the Institute of Physics, and can be <a href="http://stacks.iop.org/Nano/15/869">downloaded free</a>, for one month (registration required). </p> <p> As I noted in a <a href="http://planetzero.blogspot.com/2004/06/bill-joy-on-civilization-changing.html">previous post</a>, Drexler had warned in his 1990 book <span class="blogi">Engines of Creation</span>, of a worst-case nanotechnology catastrophe in which the biosphere is destroyed by self-replicating bacteria-like nanomachines. This scenario was, and continues to be referred to as the &#x22;grey goo&#x22; scenario. </p> <p> Phoenix and Drexler now worry that too much emphasis is being placed on the &#x22;grey goo&#x22; scenario, and too little on other dangers posed by nanotechnology. Each part of this is interesting. </p> <p> On the positive side, they think we need not worry unduly about grey goo because current views of nanomanufacturing focus not on self-replicating assemblers, but rather on minaturized versions of conventional factories. This is extremely good news, and I think does go a long way to justifying his claim that the &#x22;grey goo&#x22; worries are not massively relevant to the kind of nanomanufacturing in which we are likely to engage. We need to be very clear, however, that what has changed here is that Drexler and others are now advocating a different, and much safer, manufacturing approach: if the self-replicating assembler route were to be pursued the danger would be present. Phoenix and Drexler do also put forward a number of arguments as to why, risks apart, assembler-based self-replication would be hard, inefficient, and difficult to make robust enough for the &#x22;grey goo&#x22; scenario to be relised. Again, these arguments seem very plausible, but do not alter the fact that any self-replicating nanotechnology would be pregnant with risks and should probably be avoided. </p> <p> On the less positive side, Phoenix and Drexler emphasize that the development of nanotechnologies does pose very grave risks for humanity. Their concluding sentence is: </p> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> Problems including weapon systems, radical shifts of economic and political power, and aggregate environmental risks from novel products and large-scale production will require close attention and careful policy-making. </p> </div> <p> This is certainly a judgement I have no difficulty at all agreeing with. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> </div> <p> Eric K. Drexler, <span class="blogi">Engines of Creation.</span> Fourth Estate (London) 1990. </p> <p> Chris Phoenix and Eric Drexler, <span class="blogi">Safe Exponential manufacturing.</span> Nanotechnology <span class="blogb">15</span> 2004 pp. 869--872. Institute of Physics Publishing. <a href="http://stacks.iop.org/Nano/15/869">http://stacks.iop.org/Nano/15/869</a> </p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-108690521513804010?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1086596275808978802004-06-07T09:05:00.000+01:002004-06-07T21:58:35.550+01:00<p> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/civilizationchangingevents.pdf"> <img alt="PDF" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/pdf.gif" class="vimage" /> </a> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/civilizationchangingevents.pdf">Printable Version (PDF)</a> </p> <p>I wrote <a href="http://planetzero.blogspot.com/2004/05/if-were-doomed-its-not-from-first.html">previously</a> about Martin's Rees's excellent book, <span class="blogi">Our Final Hour</span>, which warns of the dangers of what he calls &#x22;bio-error and bio-terror&#x22;. The <a href="http://www.nytimes.com">New York Times</a> (free registration required) has now carried an <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/06/magazine/06ENCOUNTER.html?pagewanted=print">interview with Bill Joy</a> (6th June 2004), in which he discusses some aspects of a similar theme. In particular, he's worried about &#x22;grey goo&#x22;, about which he has also written in <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html">Wired</a>, and its potential to cause a &#x22;civilization changing event&#x22;. </p> <p> I first read about &#x22;grey goo&#x22; in Eric Drexler's <span class="blogi">Engines of Creation</span>. Drexler is a thinker, practitioner and cheerleader for the nanotechnology movement, and he is working towards the &#x22;Assembler Breakthrough&#x22;. This is the moment when we produce the first nanomachine capable of building other devices (including ones like itself) by assembling them atom-by-atom. The &#x22;grey goo&#x22; problem arises if (through error or possibly malice) assemblers start voraciously consuming most or all of the matter with which they come into contact. In Drexler's words: </p> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> Tough, omniverous &#x22;bacteria&#x22; could out-compete real bacteria: they could spread like blowing pollen, replicate swiftly, and reduce the biosphere to dust in a matter of days. Dangerous replicators could easily be too tough, small and rapidly spreading to stop<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>at least if we made no preparation. </p> </div> <p> Drexler's own conclusion is that: &#x27;we cannot afford certain kinds of accidents with replicating assemblers.&#x27; </p> <p>Bill Joy appears to think that this is a good argument for thinking long and hard before embarking down routes that might lead to the technologies of Drexler's dreams and nightmares. Through the rather different form of his latest novel, <span class="blogi">Prey</span>, Michael Crichton makes a related point, as he worries about allowing self-replicating, evolving swarms of nanoparticles into the environment. One doesn't have to find every aspect of Crichton's book plausible to feel that he has correctly highlighted some serious dangers in the way that these technologies might develop, especially in a loosely regulated capitalist economy where the pressures on start-ups to generate good returns of capital can be hard to resist. </p> <p> The perhaps unlikely triumvirate of a leading astronomer, a leading nanotechnologist and a best-selling author all argue that technologies scientists and engineers are working towards today have significant disruptive potential far far the appreciation of almost everyone outside their circles. And in different ways, they all argue that we need to stop and think very carefully how we can manage or control or inhibit the development and application of these technologies. I think we would do well to take their warnings seriously. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> </div> <p> Martin Rees, <span class="blogi">Our Final Hour.</span> Basic Books (New York) 2003. </p> <p> Eric K. Drexler, <span class="blogi">Engines of Creation.</span> Fourth Estate (London) 1990. </p> <p> Michael Crichton, <span class="blogi">Prey.</span> Harper Collins (London) 2002. </p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-108659627580897880?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1085604964331645202004-05-26T21:55:00.000+01:002004-05-30T23:32:42.443+01:00<p> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/nodoomfromfirstprinciples.pdf"> <img alt="PDF" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/pdf.gif" class="vimage" /> </a> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/nodoomfromfirstprinciples.pdf">Printable Version (PDF)</a> </p> <p> Martin Rees, Britain's Astronomer Royal, has written a thoughtful book called <span class="blogi">Our Final Hour</span> with the snappy subtitle <span class="blogi">A Scientists Warning: How terror, error, and environmental disaster threaten humankind's future in this century<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>on earth and beyond.</span> In it, he presents and motivates his estimate of the likelihood that humans will survive another century<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>50%. The book is well argued, sane, and definitely worth reading. </p> <p> In the course of an otherwise plausible discussion, Rees presents one argument that is very different from the rest, and much less plausible. Chapter 10, <span class="blogi">The Doomsday Philosophers,</span> is subtitled <span class="blogi">Can pure thought tell us whether humanity's years are numbered?</span> Rather clearly not, you might think. Suprisingly, however, Rees goes on to present a curious argument (devised by Brandon Carter) that purports to show, from first principles, that we are probably doomed. To be fair, the author is clearly not entirely comfortable with the argument since he closes the chapter with the following comment: </p> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> When I first heard Carter's Doomsday argument, it reminded me of George Orwell's robust comment in a different context: &#x22;You must be a real intellectual to believe that<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>no ordinary person could be so foolish.&#x22; But pinpointing an explicit flaw is not a trivial exercise. It is worth doing so, however, since none of us welcomes a new argument that humanity's days may be numbered. </p> </div> <p> Here is the Carter's argument, as presented by Rees, followed by my reasons for thinking it shouldn't keep anyone awake at night. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Carter's Doomsday Argument</h2> </div> The following is taken from Chapter 10 of <span class="blogi">Our Final Hour:</span> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> This &#x22;Doomsday&#x22; argument depends on a kind of &#x22;Copernican principle&#x22; or &#x22;principle of mediocrity&#x22; applied to our position in time. Ever since Copernicus, we have denied ourselves a central location in the universe. Likewise, according to Carter, we shouldn't assume that we are living in a special time in the history of humanity, neither among the very first nor the very last of our species. Consider our place in the &#x22;roll call&#x22; of <span class="blognoti">Homo sapiens.</span> We know our place only very roughly: most estimates suggest that the number of human beings who have preceded us is around sixty billion, so our number in the roll call is in this range . . . </p> </div> <div class="indent"> <p> [discussion of &#x22;Why so few?&#x22; omitted.] </p> </div> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> Now consider two different scenarios for humanity's future: a &#x22;pessimistic&#x22; one, where our species dies within one or two centuries (or if it survives longer than that has a much diminished population), so that the total number of humans who will ever exist is one hundred billion; and an &#x22;optimistic&#x22; scenario, where humanity survives for many millenia with at least the present population (or perhaps even spreads far beyond Earth with an ever-enlarging population), so that trillions of people are destined to be born in the future. Brandon Carter argues that the &#x22;principle of mediocrity&#x22; should lead us to bet on the &#x22;pessimistic&#x22; scenario. Our place in the roll-call (about halfway through) is then entirely unsurprising and typical, whereas in the &#x22;optimistic&#x22; scenario, where a high population persists into the far future, those living in the twenty-first centure would be in the early roll-call of humanity. </p> </div> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>The Nature of the Game: Models and Estimates</h2> </div> <p> The first thing to observe about this argument is that it is really putting forward a <span class="blogi">model</span> <font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>in this case, a way of estimating how much longer humanity is likely to survive. We do not normally think of models as being &#x22;right&#x22; or &#x22;wrong&#x22;: rather, they are more or less accurate in different circumstances, and may have biases or other systematic shortcomings. Rees talks in terms of identifying the &#x22;flaw&#x22;, but while I think the argument <span class="blogi">is</span> flawed, it is helpful to remember that its model is only one of an infinity of ways of estimating the future lifetime of humanity, and that the different methods will inevitably give a wide range of answers. For this reason, even a reader who is convinced that the logic of the Carter-Rees Argument is sound should <span class="blogi">not</span> necessarily expect its prediction to be accurate. </p> <p> To make this more concrete, consider estimating human life expectancy. Here are some estimates one might make (figures being only illustrative). [In the following, E(X) denotes the expectation value of X<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>essentially an average<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>and E(X|Y) denotes the expectation value of X <span class="blogi">given</span> Y.] </p> <ul> <li>E(Age at death) = 70</li> <li>E(Age at death | male) = 65</li> <li>E(Age at death | smoker) = 52</li> <li>E(Age at death | male smoker) = 49</li> <li>E(Age at death | current age = 85) = 91</li> <li>E(Age at death | 2 convictions for drunk driving) = 42</li> <li>E(Age at death | Advanced melanoma) = Current Age + 6 months</li> </ul> <p> These examples illustrate that our estimates change according to what information we have. The Carter-Rees argument uses almost the minimum amount of information possible. As such, it is a very simple estimate, and might be less convincing than other estimates that use more information. </p> <p> All the the examples above take the form of probabilistic estimates based on different information. But we might also want to use information about what we believe is likely to happen in the future to help us to make (potentially) more accurate estimates. For example: </p> <ul> <li>Estimated age at death = current age + 1 year<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>because we expect a large meteor to hit the Earth in 1 year.</li> <li>Estimated age at death = 70 if over 18, and 150 if under 18<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>because we expect revolutionary medical advances to allow almost everyone to live to 150 within 50 years.</li> </ul> <p> Having set Carter-Rees model in context, let's look at the argument that leads to it. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>I Refute You Thus</h2> </div> <div class="blogentrysubheading"> <h3>Why Count Humans?</h3> </div> <p> The first odd thing about the argument is that it says we &#x22;shouldn't assume that we are living in a special <span class="blogi">time</span> in the history of the human race&#x22; (2004), but it doesn't carry this through and say &#x22;humans have existed on Earth for tens of thousands of years, so the principle of mediocrity suggests we are likely to live for tens of thousands more years.&#x22; Instead, it switches tack and starts counting human beings. This is actually a nice illustration of exactly the point discussed above, namely that there are many possible models, and that the information we choose to take into account conditions our estimates. It is just strange to articulate a principle that leads to a comparatively reassuring estimate and then subtly vary it to produce a more worrying projection. </p> <p> It's also interesting to reverse the argument since it is symmetrical. The principle of mediocrity suggests that we are unlikely to be near the <span class="blogi">end</span> of human history. And presumably the same holds for tigers, pandas, golden frogs and the countless other species on the verge of extinction. Of course, as Martin Rees suggests, only a real intellectual would believe that the Doomsday Argument will save the whale. And I'm sure he does not think we can stop worrying about meteor collisions for a while because we're safe until there have been another 60 billion-odd humans. </p> <div class="blogentrysubheading"> <h3>Random Sampling and Censoring</h3> </div> <p> Although I hesitate to say the the Doomsday Argument is <span class="blogi">wrong,</span> I do think it is misconceived. Its starting point is the assertion that <span class="blogi">we should not assume that we are living in a special time in the history of humanity.</span> Where does this (non-)assumption come from? </p> <p> Rees uses an analogy with drawing tickets from two identical urns, one containing 10 tickets and the other 1,000. The tickets are numbered from 1 to 10 and from 1 to 1,000 respectively. He then argues<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>correctly<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>that if a ticket is drawn from a randomly selected urn, and its number turns out to be 6, this is strong evidence that the urn from which it was drawn was in fact the one containing 10 tickets. This is clearly correct since if the first urn is chosen the probability of drawing 6 is 10%, while in the case of the second the probability is 0.1%. Common sense (known to probability theorists as Bayes's Theorem) tells us that the odds that we drew from the second urn are 100 to 1 against. (I've included a proof of this with Bayes's Theorem in this <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/doc/urns.pdf">PDF document</a>, which will prove that you really just wanted to use common sense to get the result.) </p> <p> Having two urns actually confuses the situation. Fundamentally, Rees is arguing that a reasonable way to estimate the number of tickets in a single urn containing an unknown number is to draw out a ticket and multiply its number by 2. It is true that if one did this many times, the average resulting estimate would be correct, but it's also true that the spread of estimates would be rather large, and that many estimates would be very poor. In fact, we would underestimate by a factor of K or more exactly 1/(2K)th of the time. </p> <p> Let us nevertheless accept the proposed estimation method. The question then becomes: is the situation in the Doomsday Argument equivalent to the urns? No, it is not. This is immediately clear because in the case of the urns, we are randomly choosing a ticket from a known distribution: we know that there is exactly one of each of N tickets, and that each is chosen with probability 1/N. The equivalent situation would be if we knew when humanity would end (how many human beings there will be in total) and then randomly picked a sampling point between one and that number. But we haven't done that: we're just looking at one specific point in time, before the number of humans has been determined. This is <span class="blogi">not</span> random sampling, because it is <span class="blogi">not random</span>, and clearly even those points that we could sample (numbers less than 60 billion) are not given equal chances of being drawn. (If you are not immediately convinced that this is not random sampling, consider what happens if you apply the same procedure tomorrow. Do you get a random answer? Clearly not. You get an answer that is strongly and essentially predictably correlated with today's answer.) In fact we have no idea how much of the distribution we are &#x22;sampling&#x22; because the distribution is <span class="blogi">censored</span>. </p> <p> To illustrate this, here is the probability distribution for the 10-ticket urn. Naturally every point (ticket) has the same probability of being drawn<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>0.1. </p> <center> <img alt="discrete uniform distribution for 10 tickets" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/urn10.gif" /> </center> <p> What does the equivalent picture look like for the Doomsday Argument? I would argue that it looks like this: </p> <center> <img alt="discrete uniform distribution for 10 tickets" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/humanity.gif" /> </center> <p> There are obviously two rather major differences between this distribution and that shown for the 10-ticket urn. </p> <ol> <li> The right hand side of the second graph is missing, marked &#x22;Censored.&#x22; This is because we don't know how many people there will be. So even if we do manage to persuade ourselves that there is some sense in which we the current value of &#x22;humans who have lived&#x22; is randomly chosen, it is definitely chosen from a range that excludes all humans who have not yet lived, whatever their number might be. </li> <li> All of the probability is at a single number, which I've made 60 billion (Rees's estimate of the number of human's who have ever lived). This might be a more contentious claim. My perspective is that there is no useful sense in which the 60 billion is &#x27;random&#x27;: I presume that Rees is arguing that it is in some sense random because he and Carter didn't pick the number: it is just the point at which the censoring starts. But I think this is a pretty hard position to defend, and again ask you to think about repeating the experiment. </li> </ol> <p> In fact, in the section after next, I will suggest a minor variation in the Doomsday Argument that I think is more defensible and which actually leads to more optimism than Rees can muster. But first I want to talk a little more about distributions. </p> <div class="blogentrysubheading"> <h3>The Distribution Really Matters</h3> </div> <p> Let us return to estimating human life expectancy, which seems closely related to the problem at hand. A method not dissimilar to the Carter-Rees approach for going about this would be to estimate a human's life expectancy as twice his or her current age. This really isn't a very good method of estimation for most people outside middle age for the very obvious reason that human lifespans follow, in the rich nations at least, a roughly Normal distribution with a mean around 70 and a small-ish standard deviation. To estimate the lifespan of a 2-year old as 4 is almost as unduly pessimistic as it is optimistic to estimate that of a 90-year old as 180. Clearly proven longevity thus far is no guarantee of further years. (In fact, I am reminded of the parable of the woman who was most disappointed when her horse, whom she had carefully been training to survive on ever less food, died shortly after she thought she had reduced its nutritional requirements to nil.) </p> <p> Unfortunately, we don't have good statistics on the lifespans of intelligent species since we don't actually know of any life beyond Earth. But the importance of distributions, as illustrated by the case of estimating human lifetimes, does suggest that we should be a little carful about just doubling our current age (or cumulative population count). </p> <div class="blogentrysubheading"> <h3>A More Optimistic Interpretation</h3> </div> <p> As I have indicated, I think the Carter-Rees Argument is somewhat suspect as a way of making predictions, but I think it can be improved, at least slightly, and in doing so made to seem much more optimistic. </p> <p> In addition to the urns analogy, Rees relays an argument from Richard Gott, who visited both the Berlin Wall and the Egyptian pyramids in 1970. These had respective ages of 12 years and around 4,000 years at that time. On the basis of their proven longevities as of 1970, Gott correctly predicted that the pyramids would outlast the Berlin wall. While I don't find this an entirely compelling argument, (not least because of its application to human life expectancy, discussed above), it does have a very different slant from the urns analogy. It basically argues that proven longevity suggests future longevity. This suggests a <span class="blogi">Universal Lifetime Estimate</span> as follows: </p> <div class="indent"> <p> E (Lifetime(X) | Age(X) = A) = 2A. </p> </div> <p> This could also be extended to the counting estimate that is used in the actual Carter-Rees model, to give a <span class="blogi">Universal Final Count Estimate</span> as follows: </p> <div class="indent"> <p> E (Final Count (X) | Current Count(X) = C) = 2C. </p> </div> <p> The interesting thing about these formulas is that while they give the same estimate of humanity as the Carter-Rees model, as humanity survives longer, this makes us more optimistic about the future. The contrast in interpretation could hardly be greater. The Carter-Rees (&#x22;Doomsday&#x22;) Argument says that we expect about 120 billion people in total, and appears to suggest that as time passes, we are getting ever closer to the edge of a precipice. In contrast, the Universal Final Count Estimate says that if we get to the 120 billion people that Carter-Rees suggests is our likely total, we will have gathered much more evidence of our future longevity as a species. The longer shall survive, the longer shall we expect to survive into the future. </p> <p> I should make it clear that I don't really have much more faith in the Universal Estimates than in the Carter-Rees model; but I do think they are at least more internally self-consistent, as well as being more optimistic. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>A Note On Anthropic and Mediocrity Principles</h2> </div> <p> Carter and Rees are both astronomers, and as Rees notes, astronomers have long made various assumptions about the universe and our place in it. One of these is that our place is not central, which seems very reasonable. We also assume that space is <span class="blogi">isotropic</span> <font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>the same in all directions. More generally, we assume that the laws of physics are constant across the universe, so that, for example, when we send a probe to Mars gravity doesn't suddenly disappear, but can be relied upon to pull visiting rovers down to the surface. </p> <p> We should, however, be careful to understand that these are <span class="blogi">assumptions,</span> not self-evident or proven truths. It could be that we actually are very close to the centre of the universe, or that the space is not isotropic, or that the laws of physics do in fact vary in space. All of these things are, in principle, subject to experimental verification or refutation. </p> <p> Perhaps the most fundamental problem with the Carter-Rees Argument is that it starts from an assumption (that we are not living in a special time in the history of humanity), then concludes from this that we are probably somewhere near the middle (arguably just as special as the ends, but let that pass) and then forms an estimate from that which is really no more than the mirror of the initial assumption. In other words, one way of reading the Carter-Rees Argument is as follows: </p> <div class="indent"> <p> Let's assume that half the people who will ever live have been born. <br /> Then there will be the same number in the future as in the past. </p> </div> <p> Stated that way, it seems rather circular. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> </div> <p> Martin Rees, <span class="blogi">Our Final Hour.</span> Basic Books (New York) 2003. </p> <p> [Update 2004/05/29] </p> <p> <span class="blogb">See also:</span> Nick Bostrom. <span class="blogi"> <a href="http://www.anthropic-principle.com/primer1.html">A Primer on the Doomsday Argument.</a> </span> </p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-108560496433164520?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1084567013527691702004-05-14T21:36:00.000+01:002004-05-14T21:56:54.786+01:00<p> Perhaps the first article on this blog should have been the welcome, but life rarely seems to proceed in an orderly fashion. So welcome to Planet Zero. </p> <p> Insofar as it has a principal theme, it is likely that the theme of this blog will be something to do with environment, sustainability, and humanity's future on and stewardship of the Earth. The musings on this theme will be from someone of fundamentally technical bent<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>a mathematician of sorts who wants to be a scientist; a scientist of sorts who likes (or liked) writing code; a programmer of sorts, who wants to &#x27;save the planet&#x27;. If there is an agenda, it is to encourage people to make it more likely that human life will continue indefinitely on the planet<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>something far from certain at this time. There is likely to be room, too, for some arts, for what, after all, are we saving the planet <span class="blogi">for</span>, if not the finer expressions of humanity? </p> <p> There's little point in pretending I will be a <span class="blogi">reliable</span> correspondent; I am far more likely to be both infrequent and irregular. But I will try to be interesting. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-108456701352769170?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982312.post-1084478866429070202004-05-13T21:07:00.000+01:002004-06-07T22:10:52.476+01:00<p> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/xmlbetterthanhype.pdf"> <img alt="PDF" src="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/image/pdf.gif" class="vimage" /> </a> <a href="http://users.breathe.com/njr/planetzero/pdf/xmlbetterthanhype.pdf">Printable Version (PDF)</a> </p> <p> In all the time I've been in and around software only one technology I have applied has consistently and repeatedly delivered more than it seemed to promise. That technology is XML. Moreover, I don't seem to be alone in finding that I get more benefits from XML than seems reasonable. This &#x27;overdelivery&#x27; is sufficiently surprising and unusual that I've spent quite a lot of time trying to understand its cause. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>The Content, the Whole Content and Nothing But the Content</h2> </div> <p> One statement often made about XML is that it separates information about content (meaning, semanics) from form. This is frequently contrasted with HTML, in which the mark-up contains information about formatting intention and (particularly in the case of div- and span-heavy XHTML) document structure. </p> <p> While this is true, it seems to miss the key point, which I would summarize as follows: </p> <div class="blogentryquote"> <p> In designing a good XML format we seek to describe whatever objects are to be represented fully and naturally, without undue regard to immediate usage. </p> </div> <p> The point here is that when we set out to represent something in XML, we are usually motivated by a specific use that we have in mind for the data. For example, perhaps we wish to print some bus timetables, and this is motivating us to devise an XML representation for timetable data. The key is that we don't focus narrowly on the precise data that we expect to print in the timetable, still less on how we are going to break it up and lay it out. Rather, we try to find a clear, natural representation of the underlying timetable data in XML, and to ensure that we make this representation as rich and complete as is reasonable. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Repurposing</h2> </div> <p> The benefit that we get from adopting this approach is that when we want to make carry out some other task, there is a very good chance that we will be able to exploit exactly the same XML. This might be some other layout-oriented task (such as displaying the bus timetables on the web, or producing a pocket timetable), or something quite different such as building an online query service, calculating travel times, or journey planning. </p> <p> In practice, I think it is this &#x27;repurposability&#x27; of well-designed XML that is responsible for its repeatedly over-delivering. First, I get the project I actually wanted done cleanly, and then a few weeks, months or years later, I decide I need to exploit the same data differently, and this is very easy. </p> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Paper, Scissors, Stone, XML</h2> </div> <p> There are obviously lots of other virtues of XML that contribute to its &#x27;overdelivery&#x27;. Commonly sited examples are its internationalization, the ever growing sea of high-quality, open-source XML processing software, and the rapidly growing XML-ization of the world; going with the flow has its rewards. But I think there are two other factors that are less widely appreciated, and perhaps more important. </p> <p> The first of these is a sort of &#x27;moral high ground&#x27;. Basically, if I need to exchange data with someone and I say my format's XML and theirs isn't, I win: almost everyone will take XML, because even if they don't have current capability to handle it, they feel they should have. And if we both have XML, we both win, because even though the formats are unlikely to be the same, XSLT usually makes conversion between different formats extremely easy (subject to their having similar expressiveness and concepts). </p> <p> The way I think of this is in relation to <span class="blogi">Paper, Scissors, Stone.</span> It's as if XML has changed the rules, so they now read </p> <div class="blogentryquotation"> <p> paper wraps stone <br /> stone blunts scissors <br /> scissors cut paper <br /> XML annihilates paper, scissors and stone. </p> </div> <div class="blogentryheading"> <h2>Cruel to be Kind</h2> </div> <p> Finally, I think the other reason XML delivers such big payoffs is down to Tim Bray's success in inisisting that all XML parsers reject non-well-formed XML. The consequence is that I hardly ever encounter a badly formed document, and when I do<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>as Tim himself explains over at <a href="http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/03/24/XMLisOK">ongoing</a> (&#x22;XML Supports Constructive Finger-Pointing&#x22;)<font face="Helvetica">&#x2014;</font>the guilty party always says <span class="blogi">mea culpa</span> and fixes it. I know there are people who believe draconian error handling is unfriendly, but XML appears to me the closest thing we're ever likely to get to proof that they're wrong. Sometimes, you really do have to be cruel to be kind. </p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6982312-108447886642907020?l=planetzero.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>njrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08980758986023344486noreply@blogger.com